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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  DmECTOR 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS 


OF 


IRS  SUBMITTED  FOR  PUBLICATION  BY  THE 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

DIRECTIONS  TO  TYPEWRITER  OPERATORS 


BY 


GEORGE  McLANE  WOOD 


SECOND   EDITION 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 
1913 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/authorssuggestOOgeolrich 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Directob 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS 

OF 

PAPERS  SUBMITTED  FOR  PUBLICATION  BY  THE 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

WITH 

DIRECTIONS  TO  TYPEWRITER  OPERATORS 


BY 


GEORGE  McLANE  WOOD 

EDITOR 


SECOND    EDITION 


WASHINGTON 

aOVEKNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 

loia 


SCHOOL 


NOTE 


The  first  pamphlet  containing  suggestions  to  authors  for  the 
preparation  of  manuscript  intended  for  pubHcation  by  the  Geological 
Survey  was  published  in  January,  1888.  This  pamphlet  was  revised 
and  reprinted  in  1892.  In  1904  the  Survey  published  suggestions 
for  the  preparation  of  geologic  folios,  and  in  1906  suggestions  for  the 
preparation  of  reports  on  mining  districts.  All  matter  of  present 
value  that  was  included  in  these  publications,  with  much  additional 
material,  has  been  incorporated  in  the  pamphlet  here  presented.  The 
first  edition  of  this  pamphlet  was  published  in  1909.  The  edition 
now  published  contains  some  new  material  and  discusses  in  greater 
detail  several  suggestions  that  were  made  in  the  first  edition.  In  the 
compilation  of  both  editions  valuable  aid  has  been  rendered  by  Mr. 
Bernard  H.  Lane,  assistant  editor. 

G.  M.  W. 

July,  1913. 


CONTENTS. 


Pass. 

Suggestions  to  authors 5 

Classes  of  publications 5 

Course  of  manuscripts 5 

Form  and  features  of  manuscript 6 

Method  of  writing G 

The  best  printer's  copy 6 

General  form. . .  ^ 7 

Conciseness  of  statement 7 

Table  of  contents  and  list  of  illustrations -       8 

Headings 8 

Paragraphing 9 

First  or  third  person  and  use  of  "  we  " 9 

Cross  references 9 

Tables 9 

Geologic  names 10 

Geographic  names 12 

Hyphens  in  petrc^raphic  terms 12 

Personal  titles 14 

Chemical  terms  and  symbols 15 

Quotations  and  references 15 

Footnotes 16 

Typographic  style 19 

Correction  of  proof  sheets 22 

Illustrations 26 

Geologic  folios 29 

General  suggestions 29 

Introduction 30 

Topography 30 

Descriptive  geology 31 

Geologic  history 32 

Mineral  resources 32 

Reports  on  mining  districts 33 

General  suggestions 33 

Subject  order 34 

Definitions 35 

Materials 36 

Forms 36 

Processes 39 

Mining  terms 39 

3 


341210 


4  CONTENTS. 

Suggestions  to  aJithors — Continued.  Page. 

Suggestions  as  to  expression 42 

General  observations 42 

Common  verbal  faults 43 

Words  misused  or  overused 43 

,                      Words  and  phrases  to  be  discriminated 46 

Superfluous  words 48 

Some  typical  errors 48 

Grammatical  and  rhetorical  errors 49 

Bad  habits  of  expression 52 

Foreign  words  and  phrases 56 

Directions  to  typewriter  operators 57 


ILLUSTRATION. 


Fi(;iUKE  1.  Diagram  illustrating  application  of  terms  used  in  describing  ore 
bodies 


Pane. 


SUGGESTTONS  TO  AUTHORS. 


CLASSES    OF    PUBLICATIONS. 

The  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  consist,  besides  topo- 
graphic maps  and  miscellaneous  circulars  and  pamphlets,  of  (a)  annual 
reports,  relating  chiefly  to  administrative  affairs;  (6)  monographs, 
exhaustive  treatises  on  restricted  or  special  subjects;  (c)  professional 
papers,  mainly  of  a  technical  character,  adapted  to  larger  illustra- 
tions than  can  be  conveniently  put  into  bulletins;  (d)  bulletins,  the 
most  numerous  class,  comprising  all  papers  not  assigned  to  one  of  the 
other  classes;  (e)  water-supply  papers;  (/)  annual  statistical  volumes 
on  mineral  resources;  and  (^)  geologic  folios.  If  it  seems  doubtful 
whether  a  particular  paper  should  be  published  in  one  or  another  of 
these  classes,  the  author  may  make  a  recommendation,  and  the  chief 
of  branch,  when  he  transmits  a  paper,  will  state  the  class  in  which  it 
should  be  published. 

COURSE    OF    MANUSCRIPTS. 

Every  paper  should  be  transmitted  to  the  Director  by  the  chief  of 
the  branch  in  wliich  it  originated,  whose  recommendation  for  publi- 
cation will  be  regarded  as  an  approval  of  the  paper  from  a  scientific  or 
technical  point  of  view.  If  a  paper  originating  in  one  branch,  say  the 
water  resources,  contains  matter  pertaining  to  the  work  of  another 
branch,  say  the  geologic,  the  chief  imder  whom  the  paper  originated 
shoidd,  before  transmitting  it  to  the  Director,  refer  it  to  the  chief  of 
the  other  branch  for  approval  (after  revision  if  necessary)  of  the  por- 
tion germane  to  the  work  of  his  branch. 

When  a  manuscript  is  received  it  will  be  referred  to  the  editor, 
who,  after  giving  it  a  preliminary  examination  and  ascertaining  that 
it  is  complete  in  form  and  ready  for  his  action,  will  lay  it  before  the 
Director  for  his  personal  consideration.  When  the  Director  approves 
the  paper  for  publication  he  will  return  it  to  the  editor  for  critical 
examination  and  preparation  for  printing. 

The  final  editorial  work  is  largely  literary  and  typographic  in 
character.  It  includes  suggestions  to  the  author  concerning  the 
correction  of  faidts  or  errors  in  grammar  or  rhetoric,  in  paragraphing, 
or  in  arrangement  of  matter — in  short,  suggestions  affecting  correct- 
ness, clearness,  and  conciseness  of  expression.  It  comprises  also  the 
examination  of  many  other  details,  such  as  the  character  and  grada- 

5 


6  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

tion  of  headings,  the  form  of  footnotes,  the  use  of  geograpliic  and 
geologic  names,  the  form  of  tabk^s  and  sections,  and  the  various 
minutiae  of  printing,  including  sizes  and  styles  of  type,  capitalization, 
punctuation,  spelling,  and  other  features  of  typographic  style.  The 
determination  of  many  of  these  details  is  made  in  accordance  with 
prescribed  rules,  such  as  those  of  the  Government  Printing  Office 
Style  Book,  or  mandatory  decisions,  such  as  those  of  the  United  States 
Geographic  Board  or  of  the  Survey's  committee  on  geologic  names. 
After  editorial  revision  the  manuscript  will  be  returned  to  the 
author  whenever  practicable,  in  order  that  he  may  examine  the 
suggestions  or  corrections  made.  If  any  of  the  editorial  changes 
seem  to  him  to  be  inadvisable,  he  should  confer  or  correspond  with 
the  editor  and  endeavor  to  reach  an  agreement  without  delay.  If 
the  edited  manuscript  is  acceptable  to  the  author,  he  need  only  write 
his  initials  and  the  date  on  the  back  of  the  title-page. 

FORM    AND    FEATURES    OF    MANUSCRIPT. 

METHOD   OF   WRITING. 

It  is  bad  practice,  especially  for  young  writers,  to  dictate  offhand 
from  field  notes,  with  the  intention  of  rearranging  and  polishing 
the  typewritten  material  thus  obtained  to  form  a  final  report.  Re- 
ports prepared  in  this  way  almost  invariably  bear  indications  of 
slovenly  work.  As  far  as  possible,  the  final  writing  should  be  pre- 
ceded by  a  complete  study  of  material.  This  study  should  include 
examinations  of  specimens  and  samples  collected  and  the  prepara- 
tion of  maps,  sketches,  and  photographs  for  illustrations.  During 
this  preliminary  study  notes  and  memoranda  should  be  made  in  such 
form  that  they  can  be  sorted  and  classified  under  the  different  sub- 
ject heads  adopted. 

THE    BEST   printer's    ''COPY." 

The  best  ''copy"  for  the  printer  is  typewritten  matter  on  letter 
paper  (sheets  about  8  by  lOJ  inches)  of  ordinary  thickness.  Thin 
''manifold"  paper  should  not  be  used.  If  two  copies  of  the  manu- 
script are  made,  the  original  (not  the  carbon)  should  be  transmitted. 
All  the  sheets  should  be  of  uniform  size  and  the  tj^ewriting  should 
be  on  only  one  side  of  the  paper,  in  lines  rather  widely  spaced,  not 
*' solid."  The  practice  of  pasting  sheets  together  to  form  a  sheet  or 
strip  that  is  longer  than  letter  paper  and  then  folding  it  to  letter  size 
is  objectionable.  It  is  not  important  that  every  sheet  should  be 
completely  filled  with  writing.  Room  for  wide  tables  can  be  obtained 
by  pasting  additional  sheets  at  the  side  only,  but  this  plan  should 
not  be  employed  for  additions  to  the  text.  Copy  for  tables  should 
not  be  crowded,  and  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  whole  of  a  table 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  7 

should  appear  on  one  sheet.  Matter  for  bibliographies  or  other 
similar  works  may  be  written  on  cards,  and  in  some  papers  large 
sheets  bearing  tables  or  geologic  columns  will  be  accepted  as  copy. 

Just  before  the  manuscript  is  transmitted,  after  all  inserts  and 
additions  have  been  made,  the  pages  should  be  numbered  consecu- 
tively from  beginning  to  end.  Manuscript  should  not  be  folded  or 
rolled,  but  should  be  kept  ^'flat"  and  transmitted  in  a  secure  envelope 
or  cover.  Drawings  or  photographs  that  are  intended  for  use  as 
illustrations  should  be  kept  distinct  from  the  manuscript,  not  inserted 
in  it,  but  should  generally  be  transmitted  at  the  same  time. 

GENERAL   FORM. 

Before  preparing  a  paper  for  publication  an  author  should,  by 
examining  the  Survey's  printed  reports,  familiarize  himself  with 
the  details  of  their  form,  many  of  which  are  set  forth  herein.  He 
should  at  the  outset  carefully  consider  the  arrangement  or  order  of 
presentation  of  the  matter  of  his  pa])er.  Special  suggestions  as  to 
the  preparation  of  geologic  folios  and  of  reports  on  mining  districts 
are  presented  on  ])ages  29-41  and  will  be  serviceable  in  indicating 
the  proper  treatment  in  many  papers  of  other  kinds.  They  are,  of 
course,  only  supplemental  to  the  suggestions  given  in  the  first  part  of 
this  pamphlet,  wliich  apply  to  all  Survey  publications. 

The  title  of  a  paper  should  be  brief — as  brief  as  it  can  be  made — 
and,  with  the  name  of  the  author,  should  appear  not  only  on  the 
title-page,  but  at  the  top  of  the  first  page  ot  the  text. 

Each  paper  should  include  a  preface  by  the  chief  of  the  division  or 
section  in  which  it  originated,  a  summary  of  its  important  results  or 
conclusions,  and  a  short  bibliography  of  the  subject  discussed. 

CONCISENESS   OF   STATEMENT. 

The  author  should  express  his  meaning  clearly  and  concisely  and 
should  avoid  unnecessary  repetition.  Direct,  simple  statement  of 
facts  is  more  to  be  desired  than  rounded  periods,  rhetorical  flour- 
ishes, or  studied  originality  of  expression.  An  author  can  avoid 
imnecessary  repetition  only  by  logically  subdividing  his  material 
under  proper  heads  before  commencing  the  final  writing. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  certain  kind  of  repetition  is  permissible  and 
even  desirable.  Thus  each  chapter  or  major  subdivision  of  a  report 
should  be  fairly  complete  within  itself — that  is,  if  necessary,  it 
should  contain  very  brief  statements  of  the  main  conclusions  reached 
in  other  chapters,  so  that  the  reader  may,  if  he  desires,  be  able  to  read 
that  chapter  understandingly  without  reference  to  other  chapters. 
Therefore,  instead  of  saying  that  ''this  point  is  explained  in  another 
part  of  the  report,"  it  is  better  to  state  briefly  the  explanation,  which 


8  SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 

can  generally  be  presented  in  but  few  more  words  than  are  required 
for  the  reference,  thus  saving  the  reader  much  time  and  annoyance. 

TABLE   OF   CONTENTS    AND   LIST   OP   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The  manuscript  should  include  a  table  of  contents  (headed  "Con- 
tents") and  a  list  of  illustrations  (headed  "Illustrations").  The 
table  of  contents  should  be  a  transcript  of  the  headings  appearuig 
in  the  manuscript,  so  arranged  as  to  show  their  relations — their 
coordination  and  subordination.  The  table  of  contents  given  below 
shows  the  approved  method  of  indicating  (by  indention)  the  rank 
and  relations  of  the  headings  that  appear  in  the  text. 

CONTENTS.  Page  of 

manuscript. 

Introduction 1 

Location  and  area  of  the  region 1 

Outline  of  the  geography  and  the  geology 2 

Topography 5 

Relief 5 

Drainage 8 

Descriptive  geology 11 

Stratigraphy 11 

Sedimentary  rocks : 11 

Igneous  rocks 20 

Metamorphic  rocks 24 

Structure 26 

Geologic  history 32 

Sedimentary  record 32 

Igneous  record 34 

Physiographic  record 36 

Mineral  resources 36 

Coal 36 

Building  stone 38 

Iron  ore 39 

Water  resources 40 

Index 43 

The  page  numbers  indicated  above  should  be  those  that  have  been 
finally  assigned  after  the  manuscript  is  complete. 

Suggestions  in  regard  to  the  list  of  illustrations  are  given  on  page 
26,  under  the  heading  "Illustrations."  This  Hst,  like  the  table  of 
contents,  should  be  filled  out  with  manuscript  page  numbers. 

HEADINGS. 

It  is  undesirable  and  generally  unnecessary  to  provide  headings  of 
more  than  four  or  five  grades.  Excessive  refinement  in  subdividing 
the  text  of  a  paper  is  confusing  rather  than  enlightening  to  the  reader. 
The  headings  of  the  lowest  grade  are  as  a  rule  italic  side  headings,  the 
others  are  center  headings.     Only  a  small  amount  of  text — not  more 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS.  9 

than  a  page,  or  at  the  irfost  two  pages — should  be  covered  by  a  side 
heading.  In  the  text  or  body  of  the  paper  tlie  rank  of  the  center 
headings  will  be  shown  by  printing  them  in  distinctive  faces  of  tyi^e, 
properly  graded  as  to  size.  It  is  not  necessary  to  prefix  numbei"s  or 
letters  to  headings,  either  in  the  table  of  contents  or  in  the  text.  All 
coordinate  or  similar  groups  of  matter  should  be  provided  with  head- 
ings of  similar  rank,  and  no  group  or  part  should  be  left  without  a 
suitable  heading.  A  proper  scheme  of  headings  is  essentially  a 
rational  classification  ot  tho  material  embodied  in  tlie  paper,  as  may 
be  seen  by  reference  to  the  specimen  table  of  contents  given  above. 
It  is  preferable  that  the  text  be  complete  in  itself,  independent  of  the 
headings,  so  that  it  will  be  perfectly  intelligible  even  if  read  without 
them.  Each  heading  should  contain  a  substantive.  The  use  of 
adjectives  alone  for  headings  (as  ''Topographic,"  ''Geologic,"  "His- 
torical") is  undesirable. 

Headings  should  preferably  indicate  the  thing  or  tilings  described 
or  discussed  in  the  text,  not  the  text  itseK.  The  italicized  words 
in  the  following  quoted  headings  are  superfluous:  '^Description  of 
the  Cretaceous  rocks,"  ''Discussion  of  ore  deposits,"  "Statement  of 
theories  0/ origin  of  the  ore,"  "Description  of  the  mines,"  "  Table 
showing  production  of  lead  in  1912."  Headings  like  "Introduction" 
and  "Summary"  are  exceptions  to  this  rule,  but  some  reports  contain 
too  many  headings  of  this  kind,  especially  "Introduction,"  which 
stands  over  numerous  subordinate  groups  of  paragraphs  in  the  body 
of  many  reports  and  can  with  advantage  be  replaced  by  headings 
denoting  the  features  considered  in  the  text  beneath  them. 

PARAGRAPHING. 

An  author  should  carefully  consider  tlie  paragraphing  of  a  paper 
before  submitting  it  for  publication  and  should  clearly  indicate  all 
paragraphs.  Faulty  paragraphing  is  expensive  to  correct  in  proof 
and  its  correction  may  introduce  new  errors. 

FIRST   OR   THIRD   PERSON   AND    USE    OF    "WE." 

A  paper  may  be  prepared  in  either  the  first  or  the  third  person, 
but  both  "I"  (or  "we")  and  "the  writer"  should  not  be  used  indis- 
criminately. Many  reports  may  advantageously  be  written  in 
impersonal  form.  The  "editorial  we,"  used  in  newspapers  in  the 
sense  of  "I,"  should  not  be  employed.  The  habitual  use  of  "we" 
exemplified  in  the  following  sentence  should  also  be  avoided:  "If 
with  these  streams  we  include  Deep  and  Clear  creeks  we  have  a 
gi-oup  of  gold-producing  streams  that  flow  from  what  we  have  seen 
to  be  the  chief  area  of  mineralization."  Better  "Deep  and  Clear 
creeks  and  the  other  creeks  just  mentioned  form  a  group  of  gold- 
producing  streams  that  flow  from  the  chief  area  of  mineralization." 


10  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

CROSS    REFERENCES, 

The  use  of  iHimerous  cross  references  is  not  desirable.  References 
to  ''another  part  of  this  paper'*  or  '^a  subsequent  connection"  are 
especially  undesirable.  It  is  better  to  cite  the  heading  over  the  mat- 
.ter  to  be  indicated  or  to  restate  briefly  the  facts  to  which  allusion  is 
made.  References  to  pages  by  number  may  be  necessary,  but  page 
numbers  can  be  supplied  only  when  the  paper  has  reached  the  stage 
of  page  proof.  The  number  of  such  references  should  be  reduced  to 
a  minimum. 

TABLES. 

Every  table,  geologic  section  or  column,  and  chemical  analysis 
should  be  provided  with  a  concise  heading.  The  name  of  the  analyst 
(with  initials)  should  be  given  in  connection  with  an  analysis.  If 
tables  must  be  numbered,  arable  numerals  should  be  used,  as  Table 
1  (not  Table  I,  nor  Table  No.  1). 

The  proper  arrangement  of  tables  is  dependent  on  many  factors 
and  may  be  difficult.  Few  general  i*ules  can  be  given,  and  if  a  table 
is  complicated  or  the  author  is  in  doubt  as  to  its  form  he  should 
consult  the  editor  before  finally  preparing  it. 

Well  or  drill-hole  records  should  appear  in  the  following  form: 

Record  of  Winters  well,  Southwest  City,  Mo. 


Depth. 


Surface  and  coarse  rock 

Blue  flint 

Light-gray  rock 

Dark-brown  flint 

In  tables  of  analyses  use  1,  2,  3,  etc.,  over  the  columns  (not  I, 
II,  III).  The  term  "per  cent"  is  not  necessary  above  the  figure 
column.  If  chemical  constituents  are  denoted  by  both  words  and 
symbols  the  symbols  should  be  written  between  parentheses,  as 
"Silica  (SiO^),"  "Alumina  (Al^Og).'* 

The  word  "Total"  should  be  omitted  before  the  footing  in  any 
table  where  the  numbers  are  obviously  totals. 

In  sections  use  "Feet"  or  "Ft.  in."  over  the  figures. 

GEOLOGIC    NAMES. 

All  geologic  names  must  be  approved  by  the  Survey's  committee 
on  geologic  names  before  they  can  be  printed  in  a  publication  of  the 
Survey.  As  it  is  necessary  to  obtain  that  committee's  approval  of  the 
particular  use  in  any  paper  of  names  of  members,  formations,  groups, 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  ' 


11 


series,  systems,  epochs,  and  periods,  even  iF  only  a  casual  reference  is 
made,  the  committee  must  examine  the  manuscript  and  also  such 
illustrations  as  bear  geologic  names.  Tliis  examination  must  be 
made  lejore  the  paper  is  transmitted  for  publication,  and  the  author 
must  procure  from  the  committee  a  letter  containing  a  list  of  the 
names  used  and  indicating  the  action  taken  on  them,  to  be  trans- 
mitted with  the  manuscript.  A  few  of  the  general  decisions  of  the 
committee  are  given  here. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  accepted  names  for  eras,  periods  or 
systems,  and  epochs  or  series : 

Geologic  eras,  periods,  systems,  epochs,  and  series. 


Era. 

Period  or  system. 

Epoch  or  series. 

Ouatemarv 

Recent. 

PleLstocene  (replaces  "(Jlacial"). 

Pliocene. 

Miocene. 

Cenozoic 

Tertiary 

Cretaceoiw 

Jurassic 

Oligocene. 

Eocene. 

Upper  (Gulf  mav  be  use<l  provinoially). 

Lower  (Comanche  and  Shasta  may  lie  used  provincially). 

Middle. 

Mesozoic 

TriiWHin... 

Lower. 

Carboniferous. 

Lower. 

Permian. 

Pennsylvanian  (replaces  "Upper  rar»H)niferou.s"). 

Mississippian  (replaces  "Lower  Cartraniferous"). 

MlcMle. 

Paleozoic 

Proterotoic 

Silurian. 

Ordovician 1 

Cambrian 

rAlgonkian..\pre-Cam- ' 
\Archean — /    brian. 

Low^er. 

Upper  (Cincinnatlan  may  l)e  used  provim  ially). 

Middle  (Mohawkian  may  be  used  provincially). 

Lower. 

Saratogan  (or  Upper  Cambrian). 

Acadian  (or  Middle  Cambrian). 

Waucoban  (or  Lower  Cambrian), 

The  following  names,  if  used  in  a  titular  sense,  are  permissible  only 
when  put  in  quotation  marks: 

"Coal  Measures"  (subdivision  of  the  Carboniferous). 

" Calciferous  "  (subdivision  of  the  Ordovician). 

"Comiferous." 

"Juratrias." 

"Lignitic." 

"Magnesian"  (subdivision  of  the  Ordovician). 

"  Permo-Carboniferous. ' ' 

"Red  Beds"  (Permian  and  Triassic  rocks  of  the  West). 

The  foregoing  decisions  are  not  intended  to  preclude  the  use  as 
conunon  nouns  or  adjectives  of  coal  measures,  calciferous,  lignitic, 
magnesian,  and  red  beds.  Use  the  forms  glacial,  preglacial,  post- 
glacial. 

The  adjectives  upper,  middle,  and  lower,  when  used  with  Carbon- 
iferous, Tertiary,  or  Quaternary,  should  not  be  capitalized  unless  the 


12  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

term  is  quoted.  When  used  with  the  names  of  other  systems  they 
may  be  capitalized  if  the  term  is  used  in  a  definite  sense.  When 
applied  to  subdivisions  of  series  or  to  indefinite  or  local  subdivisions 
of  stratigraphic  units  they  should  not  be  capitaHzed.  Examples: 
Upper  Cambrian;  Upper  Cretaceous;  Lower  Devonian;  Mississippian 
(''Lower  Carboniferous");  middle  Miocene;  lower  Colorado. 

GEOGRAPHIC    NAMES. 

In  the  spelling  of  geographic  names  preference  will  be  given  to 
(1)  decisions  of  the  United  States  Geographic  Board,  (2)  atlas  sheets 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  (latest  editions),  (3)  reports 
of  the  Census  of  the  United  States,  (4)  United  States  Postal  Guide, 
(5)  United  States  Land  Office  maps,  (6)  Century  Atlas  of  the  World 
and  Century  Dictionary  of  Names. 

Names  whose  form  is  doubtful  may  be  submitted  to  the  Geographic 
Board  for  determination. 

HYPHENS    IN   PETROGRAPHIC   TERMS. 

The  Survey  has  adopted  a  uniform  scheme  for  the  use  of  hyphens 
in  petrographic  terms,  based  on  the  single  principle  that  like  names 
are  connected  by  a  hyphen  and  unlike  names  are  not.  The  names 
used  in  such  terms  are  of  four  classes — (a)  rock  names,  (b)  mineral 
names,  (c)  textural  names,  and  (d)  names  expressing  the  kind  of 
clastic  aggregation.  Any  two  or  more  names  of  either  class  are  con- 
nected by  a  hyphen ;  others  are  not.  The  principal  names  of  classes 
c  and  d  are  as  follows:  (c)  Felsophyre,  gneiss,  porphyry,  schist,  vitro- 
phyre;  (d)  agglomerate,  breccia,  conglomerate,  sand,  tuff. 

The  subjoined  list  is  not  complete  but  will  serve  to  illustrate  the 
principle.  To  avoid  confusion,  a  term  that,  according  to  this  prin- 
ciple, is  not  hyphenated  should  remain  without  the  hyphen  when  it 
becomes  a  compound  adjective  modifying  some  other  word — for 
example,  bostonite  porphyry,  bostonite  porphyry  dike. 


actinolite-magnetite  schist 

acmite  trachyte 

adamellite  gneiss 

aegirite-augite 

aegirite  granite 

eegirite  granite  porphyry 

alaskite  porphyry 

albite  diorite 

albite  schist 

alkali  syenite  porphyry 

amphibole-biotite  granite 

amphibole  granite 

amphibole  picrite 

analcite  basalt 


andalusite  homfels 
andaluste  schist 
andesite-basalt 
andesite  breccia 
andesite  vitrophyre 
anorthite  andesite 
apatite  syenite 
augite  andesite  porphyry 
augite-biotite  andesite 
augite-bronzite  andesite 
augite  diorite 
augite-hornblende  gabbro 
augite  latite 
augite-mica  syenite 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 


13 


augite-microcline  granite 

augite  monzonite 

augite  peridotite 

barium  feldspar 

basalt  tuff 

biotite-augite  latite 

biotite  diorite 

biotite  gneiss 

biotite-homblende-quartz  latite 

biotite-pyroxene  andesite 

biotite-quartz  monzonite 

biotite  rhyolite 

biotite  schist 

biotite  tinguaite 

bostonite  porphyry 

breccia-agglomerate 

breccia-conglomerate 

bronzite  norite 

bronzite-olivine  aleutite 

cancrinite  syenite 

chiastolite  schist 

clay  shale 

clay  slate 

cordierite  andesite 

cordierite  hornfela 

cordierite  norite 

corundum  anorthosite 

corundum  pegmatite 

dacite  tuff 

diabase-gabbro 

diabase  porphyry 

diopside  hornstone 

diorite-gabbro 

diorite  porphyry 

diorite  schist 

enstatite  diabase  porphyry 

epidote-chlorite  schist 

essexite  porphyry 

feldspar  porphyry 

felsite  tuff 

gabbro-diabase 

gabbro-diorite 

gabbro  porphyry 

gabbro-pyroxenite 

gabbro-syenite 

garnet  norite 

glaucophane  schist 

granite-diorite 

granite  gneiss 

granite-monzonite 

granite-syenite  porphyry 

greenstone  conglomerate 

greenstone  schist 

griinerite-magnetite  schist 


hauyne  phonolite 
hornblende  andesite 
hornblende  andesite  agglomerate 
hornblende  andesite  porphyry 
homblende-augite  andesite 
hornblende  gneiss 
hornblende  granite 
hornblende-mica  andesite 
hornblende-mica  diorite 
hornblende-mica  granite 
hornblende  peridotite 
hornblende  porphyry 
homblende-pyroxene-biotite-quartz 

latite 
hornblende-quartz  andesite 
h  j-persthene-augite  andesite 
liypersthene  gabbro 
ilmenite  norite 
keratophyre  tuff 
labradorite-bviownite 
labradoritc  jxjrphyry 
latite-andesite 
latite-phonolite 
lava  breccia 
leucite  absarokite 
leucite  basalt 
leucite  basanite 
leucite  granite  porphyry 
leucite  tephrite 
leucitite  tuff 
lime  feldspar 
lime-soda  feldspar 
lithia  mica 
magnesia  mica 
magnetite  gabbro 
melaphyre  tuff 
melilite  basalt 
melilite  monchiquite 
melilite-nephelite  basalt 
mica  dacite 
mica  diorite 
mica  diorite  ix)r})hyry 
mica  gabbro  porphyry 
mica  gneiss 

mica-hornblende  norite 
mica  homblendite 
mica  peridotite 
mica  schist 
monzonite  porphyry 
muscovite  mica 
natrolite  phonolite 
nepheline  basalt 
nepheline-melilite  basalt 
nephelite  basalt 


14 


SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 


nephelite  basanite 

nephelite  felsite 

nephelite  syenite  porphyry 

nosean-leucite  tephrite 

nosean  sanidinite 

oligoclase  feldspar 

olivine  andesite 

olivine-augite  andesite 

olivine  diabase 

olivine  melaphyre 

orthoclase  feldspar 

orthoclase  gabbro 

orthoclase  gabbro-diorite 

picrite  porphyry 

plagioclase  basalt 

plagioclase  feldspar 

plagioclase  gneiss 

porphyry  tuff 

potash  feldspar 

pseudoleucite  syenite 

pyroxene  andesite  breccia 

pyroxene-biotite  andesite 

pyroxene-mica  andesite 

pyroxene  porphyry 

quartz-augite  diorite 

quartz-augite  syenite 

quartz-biotite-gamet  gneiss 

quartz  diorite  gneiss 

quartz  diorite  porphyry 

quartz  gneiss 

quartz-homblende-mica  monzonite 

quartz  keratophyre 

quartz-mica-homblende  diorite 

quartz-mica  latite 

quartz  monzonite 

quartz  monzonite  gneiss 

quartz  monzonite  porphyry 

quartz  norite 

quartz  norite  gneiss 


quartz  porphyry 

quartz  porphyry  tuff 

quartz-pyroxene  diorite 

quartz  schist 

quartz  syenite  porphyry 

quartz-tourmaline  porphyry 

quartz  trachyte 

rhyolite-dacite 

rhyolite-latite 

rhyolite  porphyry 

saussurite  gabbro 

sericite  schist 

soda  feldspar 

soda  granite 

soda-lime  feldspar. 

soda  microcline 

soda  minette 

soda  orthoclase 

sodalite  porphyry 

sodalite  syenite 

sodalite  tephrite 

syenite-diorite  porphyry 

syenite  felsophyre 

syenite-monzonite 

syenite  porphyry 

talc  schist 

tephrite  tuff 

theralite  porphyry 

tourmaline-biotite  schist 

tourmaline  granite 

tourmaline  porphyry 

trachyte-andesite 

trachyte  tuff 

tridymite  trachyte 

tuff-agglomerate 

tuff-breccia 

uralite  diorite 

uralite  porphyry 

zoisite-homblende  diorite 


PERSONAL  TITLES. 

Titles  of  honor,  office,  distinction,  or  address  (such  as  Dr.,  Prof., 
Mr.)  should  be  used  only  where  the  mention  is  personal,  as  in 
acknowledgment  of  courtesies  or  services.  Such  titles  should  be 
omitted  from  the  names  of  authors  cited  and,  if  first  name  or  initials 
are  given,  from  names  of  coauthors  or  scientific  collaborators.  In 
personal  mention  of  a  member  of  the  Survey  use  "Mr." 

Mr.  G.  W.  Jefferson  kindly  guided  the  writer  to  the  place. 

Van  Hise  says    *    *    * 

George  Otis  Smith's  work  on    *    *    * 

The  economic  geology  is  discussed  by  Mr.  Ransome  in  part  2. 

Analyst,  W.  F.  Hillebrand.    This  rock  was  analyzed  by  Dr.  Hillebrand. 

The  fossils  were  identified  by  Mr.  Stanton. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 


15 


CHEMICAL  TERMS  AND  SYMBOLS. 

The  preferred  chemical  terms  relating  to  valency  are  univalent, 
bivalent,  trivalent,  quadrivalent,  quinquivalent — not  monovalent, 
divalent,  tervalent,  tetravalent,  pentavalent. 

Write  columbium,  columbic,  columbate — not  niobium,  niobic, 
niobate.  Write  glucinum,  glucina — not  beryllium,  beryllia.  Write 
aluminum  (uniform  with  alumina) — not  aluminium. 

The  following  list  of  chemical  elements  and  symbols  is  taken  from 
the  annual  report  of  the  international  committee  on  atomic  weights, 
1913. 

Chemical  elements  and  symbols. 


Element. 

Symbol. 

Element. 

Symbol. 

Element. 

Symbol. 

Aluminum 

Al 
Sb 
A 
As 
Ba 
Bi 
B 
Br 
Cd 
Cs 
Ca 
C 
Ce 
CI 
Cr 
Co 
Cb 
Cu 

Eu 
F 
Gd 
Ga 
Ge 
Gl 
Au 
He 

TTolTninm 

Ho 

H 

In 

I 

Ir 
Fe 
Kr 
La 
Pb 
Li 
Lu 

115 

Nd 

Ne 
Ni 
Nt 
N 
Os 

o 

Pd 

P 

Pt 

K 

Pr 

Ra 

Rhodium 

Rh 

Hydrogen 

Rubidium 

Rb 

Ruthenium 

Ru 

Arsenic 

Iodine    

Samarium 

Sa 

Iridium 

Scandium 

So 

Bismuth 

Iron              

Selenium 

Se 

Krypton 

Silicon 

Si 

Bromine             

Lanthanum 

Silver 

(if 

Lead 

Sodium 

Csesium       

Lithium 

Strontium 

Sr 

Calcium 

Lutecium 

Sulphur 

8 

Carbon    

Magnesium 

Tantalum 

Ta 

Cerium                     . . 

Manganese 

Tellurium  .. 

Te 

Chlorine      

Tb 

Chromium     

Molvbdenum.... 

Thallium.... 

Tl 

Cobalt 

Thorium 

Th 

Columbium    

Neon 

Thulium  ... 

Tm 

Niclcel 

Tin 

Sn 

Dysprosium 

Niton    

Titanium 

Ti 

Efbmra 

Nitrogen 

Tungsten 

W 

Europium 

Osmium 

Uranium .. 

u 

Fluorine 

Oxygen 

Vanadium 

V 

Gadolinium 

Palladium 

Xenon 

Xe 

Gallium           . . 

Phosphorus.  . 

Ytt«rbiura(Neoytter- 
bium) 

Platinum 

Yb 

Glucinum  ..... 

Potassium .... 

Yttrium  . 

Y 

Gold 

PraseodyTOium 

Radium 

Zinc 

Zn 

Helium..,. 

Zlrr»onJiiTn 

Zr 

QUOTATIONS    AND   REFERENCES. 

Responsibility  for  the  accuracy  of  references  and  quotations  must 
rest  with  the  author;  they  will  not  usually  be  verified  in  the  editorial 
revision.  In  reprinted  matter  the  exact  words  of  the  original  should 
be  preserved,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  reproduce  typographic  errors 
or  details  of  ])iinter's  style,  such  as  spelling,  capitalization,  and  punc- 
tuation, except  in  extracts  in  which,  for  obvious  reasons,  quaintness 
of  form  should  be  preserved.  Omissions  in  quoted  matter  should  be 
indicated  by  stars. 

Examination  cf  the.  original  sources  of  many  unintelligible  quota- 
tions has  shown  that  numerous  errors  are  made  in  copying  printed 
matter.  The  typewritten  copy  of  every  extract  or  quotation  should 
be  carefully  compared  with  the  original. 


16  SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 


FOOTNOTES. 


Before  making  a  footnote  an  author  should  carefully  consider 
whether  the  matter  does  not  belong  in  the  text.  Proper  footnotes 
consist  chiefly  of  references  to  the  literature  of  the  subject  discussed. 
For  reference  marks  in  the  text  superior  figures  {\^,^)  should  be  used, 
and  each  footnote  should  be  written  immediately  below  the  line  in 
which  the  reference  mark  appeal's  and  be  separated  from  the  text 
above  and  below  by  lines.  For  reference  marks  in  a  table  superior 
underscored  letters  (±,  ^,  ^),  to  be  printed  as  italic  superiors  (*»,  *,  *'), 
should  be  used,  and  the  footnotes  should  be  written  at  the  bottom  of 
the  table. 

Personal  names,  unless  the  persons  are  well  known,  should  include 
initials,  to  make  identification  certain,  especially  for  indexing. 
The  initials  need  not  be  given  in  the  text;  they  may  appear  in  the 
footnotes. 

According  to  the  general  American  practice  a  single  initial  is  not 
used  in  a  personal  name :  John  Smith,  not  J.  Smith,  but  J.  W.  Smith 
(or  Smith,  J.  W.). 

Standard  forms  of  footnotes  are  given  below.  The  capitalization, 
abbreviation,  punctuation,  etc.,  should  be  noted  and  followed 

Gilbert,  G.  K,,  Recent  earth  movement  in  the  Great  Lakes  region:  U.  S.  (jeol. 
Survey  Eighteenth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  2,  p.  639,  1898. 

Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  A  treatise  on  metamorphism:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mon.  47,  p.  697, 
1904. 

Lindgren,  Waldemar,  The  Tertiary  gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California:  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey  Prof.  Paper  73,  p.  44,  1911. 

Shaler,  N.  S.,  The  geology  of  Nantucket:. U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  53,  pp.  42-47, 
1889. 

Leigh  ton,  M.  O.,  and  Tavemier,  Ren6,  The  public  utility  of  water  powers  and  their 
governmental  regulation:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Water-Supply  Paper  238,  p.  75,  1910. 

Hayes,  C.  W.,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Geol.  Atlaa,  Pikeville  folio  (No.  21),  p.  3,  1895. 

Emmons,  S.  F.,  Progress  of  the  precious-metal  industry  in  the  United  States  since 
1880:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mineral  Resources,  1892,  pp.  46-94,  1893. 

McGee,  W  J,  Soil  erosion:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  Soils  Bull.  71,  1911. 

Chamberlin,  T.  C,  The  diversity  of  the  glacial  period:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser., 
vol.  45,  pp.  171-200,  1893. 

Irving,  R.  D.,  The  copper-bearing  rocks  of  Lake  Superior:  Science,  vol.  1,  pp. 
140-141,  1883. 

Becker,  G.  F.,  Schistosity  and  slaty  cleavage:  Jour.  Geology,  vol.  4,  p.  445,  1896. 

Brooks,  A.  H.,  Applied  geology:  Washington  Acad.  Sci.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  pp.  43-44, 
1912. 

Branner,  J.  C,  The  phosphate  deposits  of  Arkansas:  Am.  Inst,  Min.  Eng.  Trans., 
vol.  26,  p.  584,  1896. 

Willis,  Bailey,  Oil  of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains:  Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
72,  pp.  782-784,  1901. 

Tarr,  R.  S.,  and  Von  Engeln,  O,  D,,  A  laboratory  manual  of  physical  geography, 
p.  312,  1910, 


SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 


17 


The  forms  given  below  should  be  used.     The  words  in  parentheses 
explain  the  abbreviations  and  are  not  to  be  used. 


Abh.  (Abhandlung) 

Acad.,  Akad.  (academy,  Akademie) 

Agr.  (agriculture,  agricultural) 

Am.  (American) 

America 

Anal,  (analytical,  analytische) 

Annals,  Annales 

Ann.  (annual) 

Assoc,  (association) 

Beitr.  (Beitrage) 

Ber.  (Berichte) 

Biol,  (biologic) 

Bot.  (botanical) 

Bull.,  Bol.  (bulletin,  boletin) 

Bur.  (bureau) 

Chem.  (chemical,  chemische,  chemiker) 

Chemistry,  Chemie 

Circ.  (circular) 

Coll.  (college) 

Cong,  (congress) 

Contr.  (contributions) 

Dept.  (department) 

Econ.  (economic) 

Eng.  (engineers,  engineering) 

Gazette 

Geog.  (geographic,  geographische) 

Geography,  Geographie,  geographic 

Geol.  (geologic,  geologische) 

G^l.  (g^logique) 

Geology,  Geologie,  g^ologie 

Gesell.  (Gesellschaft) 

Hist,  (historical,  history) 

Inst,  (institute,  institution) 


Jahrb.  (Jahrbuch) 

Jahresb.  (Jahresbericht) 

Jour,  (journal) 

Lab.  (laboratory) 

Mag.  (magazine) 

Math,  (mathematical) 

Mem.  (memoir) 

Min.  (mining,  mineralogische) 

Mitt.  (Mitteilungen) 

Mon.  (monograph) 

Monthly 

Mus.  (museum) 

Nat.  (natural,  national) 

Naturalist 

Paper 

Philoe.  (philosophical) 

Proc.  (proceedings) 

Prof,  (professional) 

Pub.  (publication) 

Quart,  (quarterly) 

Rept.  (report) 

Rev.  (review,  revue) 

Roy.  (royal) 

Sci.  (science,  scientific) 

Science  (the  journal  so  named) 

Soc.  (society,  soci^t^,  etc.) 

Survey 

Tech.  (technical,  etc.) 

Trans,  (transactions) 

Univ.  (university) 

Verh.  (Verhandlungen) 

Zeitschr.  (Zeitschrift) 

Zeitung 


The  following  list  shows  the  abbreviations  of  names  of  some  well- 
known  publications  and  publishing  organizations.  Names  of  coun- 
tries, States,  and  cities  and  other  proper  nouns  are  written  in  full. 
The  usage  of  foreign  languages  in  regard  to  capitalization  is  followetl, 
except  that  a  capital  is  used  in  the  abbreviation  of  the  first  word  of  a 
society's  name. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia 
AUg.  chem.  Mineralogie 
Allg.  Jour.  Chemie 
Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci. 
Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci. 
Am.  Geog.  Soc. 
Am.  Geologist 
Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng. 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.     (Give  series.) 
93135°— 13 2 


Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
Am.  Naturalist 
Am.  Philos.  Soc. 
Am.  Soc.  Civil  Eng. 
Annales  chim.  et  phya. 
Annales  des  mines 
Annals  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
Arch.  sci.  phys.  nat. 
Assoc.  Eng.  Soc. 


IS 


SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 


Astrophys.  Jour. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 

Canadian  Min.  Jour. 

Canadian  Min,  Rev. 

Canadian  Rec.  Sci. 

Carnegie  Inst.  Washington 

Centralbl.  Mineralogie 

Chem.  Zeitung 

Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist 

Coll.  Sci.  Japan 

Colorado  Min.  Bur. 

Colorado  Sci.  Soc. 

Cong.  g^l.  intemat. 

Deutsche  geol.  Gesell. 

Econ.  Geology 

Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour. 

Eng.  Mag. 

Franklin  Inst. 

Gazz.  chim.  ital. 

Geog.  Jour. 

Geol.  Centralbl. 

Geol.  Foren. 

Geol.  Mag. 

Geol.  Soc.  America 

Geol.  Soc.  London 

Gesell.  Erdkunde  Berlin 

Illinois  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist. 

Indiana  Dept.  Geology  and  Nat.  Res. 

Inst.  geol.  Mexico 

Inst.  Min.  and  Met. 

Inst.  Min.  Eng.  (England) 

Jahresb.  Chemie 

Jour.  Geography 

Jour.  Geology 

Jour,  prakt.  Chemie 

K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin 

Kansas  Univ.  Geol.  Survey 

K.-k.  geol.  Reichsanstalt 

K.  preuss.  geol.  Landesanstalt 

Lake  Superior  Min.  Inst. 

Liebig'a  Annalen 

Louisiana  Exper.  Sta. 

Maryland  Geol.  Survey 

Min.  and  Sci.  Press 


Mineralog.  Mag. 

Mines  and  Minerals 

Min.  Mag. 

Min.  pet.  Mitt. 

Min.  Sci. 

Mississippi  Agr.  and  Mech.  Coll. 

Nat.  Geog.  Mag. 

Neues  Jahrb. 

New  York  Acad.  Sci. 

Oesterr.  Zeitschr.  Berg.  u.  Huttenwesen 

Ontario  Bur.  Mines 

Pennsylvania   Top.   and   Geol.   Survey 

Gomm. 
Petermanns  Mitt. 
Philos.  Soc.  Washington 
Poly  tech.  Gesell.  Berlin 
Pop.  Sci.  Monthly 
R.  accad.  Lincei 
R.  comitato  geol. 
Roy.  Soc.  Canada 
Sec.  f  omen  to,  Mexico 
Sci.  Am.;  Sci.  Am.  Suppl. 
Seismol.  Soc.  America 
Smithsonian  Inst. 
Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll. 
Soc.  cient.  Ant.  Alzate 
Soc.  g^ol.  Belgique 
Soc.  geol.  mexicana 
Soc.  toscana  sci.  nat. 
Tech.  Quart. 

Texas  Univ.  Min.  Survey 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 
U.   S.  Geog.  and  Geol.   Survey  Rocky 

Mtn.  Region 
U.  S.  Geog.  Surveys  W.  100th  Mer. 
U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Survey  Terr. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Expl.  40th  Par. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Victoria  Inst. 
Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci. 
Washington  Acad.  Sci. 
Zeitschr.  anal.  Chemie 
Zeitschr.  Kryst.  Min. 
Zeitschr.  pliysikal.  Chemie 
Zeitschr.  prakt.  Geologic 


''Op.  cit."  or  ''loc.  cit."  may  be  used  if  the  footnote  giving  the 
previous  reference  is  not  far  away,  provided  there  can  be  no  doubt 
as  to  what  work  is  cited.  If  two  works  by  the  same  author  have 
been  cited  previously,  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  the  reference.  ''Loc. 
cit."  should  be  used  only  where  the  page  cited  is  the  same  as  in  the 
previous  reference.  ''Idem"  (not  id.,  ibid.,  nor  ibidem)  may  be 
used  only  for  a  second  citation  of  the  same  work  immediately  fol- 
lowing the  first. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 


19 


TYPOGRAPHIC    STYLE. 


The  Survey  publications  conform,  in  general,  to  the  Government 
Printing  Office  Style  Book.  A  few  of  the  more  important  rules  are 
given  below. 

Capitalize  the  following  terms,  singular  form,  when  used  either 
before  or  after  the  name;  also  plural  form  when  before  the  name: 


Archipelago 

Draw  (streamway) 

Isle 

Point 

Bay 

Falls 

Lake 

Pond 

Bayou 

Forest 

Mesa 

Port 

Borough 

Fork 

Mount 

Range 

Branch  (stream) 

Fort 

Mountain 

Reservation 

Butte 

Gap 

Narrows 

Ridge 

Canyon 

Glacier 

Oasis 

River 

Cape 

Gulch 

Ocean 

Run 

Channel 

Harbor 

Parish  (La.) 

Sea 

County 

Head 

Park 

Sound    • 

Crater 

HiU 

Pass 

Spring 

Creek 

Hollow 

Peak 

Strait 

Delta 

Inlet 

Peninsula 

Valley 

Desert 

Island 

Plateau 

Volcano 

Capitalize  also  the  words  ''lulls,"  * 'islands,"  "mountains,"  or 
"springs"  where  they  immediately,  follow  names  denoting  groups 
of  natural  features,  as  Black  Hills,  Aleutian  Islands,  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, Hot  Sulphur  Springs. 

Capitalize  State  (noun  or  adjective),  singular  or  plural,  and  terms 
applied  to  groups  of  States,  as  North  Atlantic,  South  Atlantic, 
Middle  Atlantic,  Gulf,  Middle,  Western;  also  terms  denoting  sections 
of  the  United  States,  as  the  West,  the  South,  but  write  eastern  Gulf 
States,  western  Central  States. 

Capitalize  government  in  phrases  like  Government  control,  and 
capitahze  national  where  it  is  followed  by  a  word  that  is  capitalized, 
as  National  Government. 

Capitalize  the  names  of  genera,  families,  orders,  etc.,  but  lower- 
case the  names  of  species,  as  Ostrea  bryani,  Sequoia  reichenhachi. 

Note  the  capitalization  in  the  phrases  below: 


Allegheny  Front 

Appalachian  Plateau 

Appalachian  province 

Atlantic  Coastal  Plain 

Badlands  (South  Dakota  and  Nebraska); 

but  as  a  common  noun,  badlands 
Coastal  Plain  region 
Continental  Divide 
Cumberland  Plateau 
Driftless  Area  (upper  Mississippi  Valley) 
Eastern  Shore  (Chesapeake  Bay) 
Falls  (Niagara) 


Gulf  Coastal  Plain 

High  Plains 

Ix)wer  Peninsula  and  Upper  Peninsula 

(Michigan) 
Piedmont  Plain  (or  Plateau) 
Plateau  province 
Staked  Plain 
the  Gulf  (of  Mexico) 
the  Isthmus  (of  Panama) 
the  Lakes  (the  Great  Lakes) 
the  Plains  (Great  Plains) 
the  Sound  (Long  Island  Sound) 


20  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

Capitalize  titles  of  organizetl  surveys  (North  Carolina  Geological 
Survey,  Maine  State  Survey  Commission,  etc.;  the  Survey),  also 
such  designations  as  Fortieth  Parallel  Survey,  Hayden  Survey. 

Use  the  following  contractions  for  names  of  States  after  names  of 
cities,  towns,  counties,  reservations,  or  national  forests;  also  lakes, 
rivers,  or  other  natural  features: 


Ala. 

Ga. 

Minn. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Ariz. 

111. 

Miss. 

N.C. 

Tex. 

Ark. 

Ind. 

Mo. 

N.  Dak. 

Vt. 

Cal. 

Kans. 

Mont. 

Okla. 

Va. 

Colo. 

Ky. 

Nebr. 

Oreg. 

Wash. 

Conn. 

La. 

Nev. 

Pa. 

W.  Va. 

Del. 

Md. 

N.  H. 

R.I. 

Wis. 

D.C. 

Mass. 

N.J. 

S.  C. 

Wyo. 

Fla.  Mich.  N.  Mex.  S.  Dak. 

Idaho,.  Iowa,  Maine,  Ohio,  and  Utah  should  be  written  in  full. 

Use  St.  for  Saint,  but  write  Fort  and  Mount. 

In  references  to  public-land  divisions  use  the  following  forms:  In 
the  NE.  i  SW.  i  sec.  25,  T.  5  N.,  R.  14  E.;  in  the  N.  ^  sec.  25;  in 
sec.  25;  sees.  2  and  3;  Tps.  4  and  5;  Rs.  14  and  15.  Note  use  of 
''the." 

Names  of  railroads  should  not  be  abbreviated.  Use  the  correct 
form — railroad  or  railway.  If  an  old  name  must  be  used  give  the 
present  name  also.  The  railway  guide  will  settle  most  doubtful 
points  of  this  kind. 

Decimals,  degrees,  dimensions,  distances,  enumerations,  money, 
percentage,  weights,  and  like  matter  should  be  expressed  in  figures 
(10°,  45  miles,  3  cubic  feet,  24  pages,  100  bushels,  17  per  cent,  41 
pounds,  $1,000).  If  the  matter  is  not  statistical  speU  out  isolated 
numbers  less  than  10  (nine  stamp  mills;  seven  days;  but  ''The  cement 
was  tested  at  4,  28,  and  160  days"). 

The  degree  mark  should  be  used  witli  figures  in  statements  of  dips 
and  strikes :  A  dip  of  10°  SE.,  or  10°  S.  35°  E. ;  the  strike  is  N.  45°  E. ; 
but  the  dip  is  southeast — that  is,  terms  of  direction  should  be  spelled 
out  unless  figures  are  given. 

Use  "per  cent"  only  with  figures  (a  small  percentage  or  proportion; 
20  per  cent) .     Do  not  use  % . 

Use  ''No.,"  not  It,  for  "number." 

Avoid  a  mixture  of  common  and  decimal  fractions. 

As  numbers  are  not  printed  in  figures  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence 
it  may  be  desirable  to  avoid  placing  them  first.  In  the  sentence 
"Four  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty  tons  was  produced  in  1906 
and  5,180  in  1907,"  convenience  of  comparison,  if  no  other  considera- 
tion, would  require  that  both  quantities  be  expressed  by  figures. 
The  sentence  may  be  rewritten:  "The  production  was  4,850  tons  in 
1906  and  5,180  tons  in  1907."     Arrangements  of  figures  or  numbers 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  21 

shown  in  the  following  examples  should  also  be  avoided  if  possible: 
"This  makes  the  total  mileage  of  levels  run  in  1906,  38,307  miles;'' 
"In  1906,  464  tons  was  produced." 

Use  "short  and"  (&)  only  in  firm  or  corporate  names,  as  Allyn  & 
Bacon,  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railway,  American 
Security  &  Trust  Co.  Names  of  persons  who  are  associated  in  literary 
nr  similar  companionships  should  be  connected  by  "and,"  as  Gilbert 
and  Brigham,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Mactra  formosa  M.  and  H. 

Nouns  (including  proper  names)  ending  in  s  in  the  singular  take 
the  apostrophe  and  s  in  the  possessive  case,  as  Jones's,  Stokes's. 

In  text  use  "  feet "  and  "  inches  "  not '  and  ".  Over  a  figure  column 
use  "Feet"  or  "Ft.  in." 

Write  "above  sea  level,"  not  "above  tide"  nor  "A.  T." 

Foreign  words  are  printed  in  roman,  not  italic. 

In  lists  the  names  of  fossils  are  printed  in  roman;  in  the  text  the 
names  of  genera  and  species  (if  generic  and  specific  names  are  given 
together)  are  printed  in  italic,  as  Inoceramus  fragilis,  Ostrea  congesta 
Conrad,  and  names  of  genera  standmg  alone  or  of  families  or  higlier 
orders  are  j)rinted  in  roman,  as  Inoceramus,  Ostrea,  Brachiopoda, 
MoUusca. 

In  the  text  and  in  reading  columns  of  tables  all  units  of  measure- 
ment should  be  printed  in  full. 

"The"  should  be  omitted  before  full  names  of  rivers,  creeks,  runs, 
etc.  (as  Green  River,  Missouri  River,  Pohatcong  Creek,  Fourmile 
Run),  but  "the  Mississippi,"  "the  Potomac"  are  acceptable  terms 
for  designating  rivers. 

Webster's  New  International  Dictionary  is  the  authority  adopted 
by  the  Government  Printing  Office  for  spelling  and  compouncUng  and 
will  be  generally  followed;  but  note  the  form  of  the  words  below: 


acidic 

canyon 

«     Rage 

acre-foot 

cerusite 

gastrop(Kl 

afterwaid 

clue 

groundmass 

aluminum 

downward 

laccolith 

arrastre 

draft 

perlite 

asbestos 

employee 

pneumatolytic 

backward 

eolian 

poikilitic 

badlands 

esker 

reconnaissance 

base-level 

farther  (distance) 

second-foot 

bowlder 

further  (not  distance) 

upward 

briquet 

fluorspar 

volcanism 

can  not 

forward 

vug 

Most  compound  adjectives  that  precede  the  nouns  qualified  take 
hyphens,  as  "first-class  work,"  "enlarged-homestead  act,"  "pig-iron 
manufacture,"  "  40-horsepower  engine,"  "3-inch  pipe."  Use  a  hyphen 
after  "well"  and  "ill"  in  phrases  like  "a  well-established  industry," 
" ill-ad vise<^]  action";  but  write  "the  industry  is  well  established." 


22  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

Omit  hyphens  if  tlie  first  word  of  the  compound  adjective  is  qualified 
b}^  another  term,  as  ''a  fairly  well  defined  rating  curve;"  also  if  one  or 
more  of  the  words  are  capitalized,  as  ''Portland  cement  industry," 
''Geological  Survey  work."  The  prefix  " non "  is  usually  joined  to  the 
word  it  qualifies,  but  write  "non  coal-bearing  rocks."  Adverbs  end- 
ing in  "ly"  are  not  compounded,  as  "hastily  written  matter," 
"carefully  prepared  report." 

The  ordinary  rule  for  compound  adjectives  applies  to  color  terms: 
Bluish-gray  shale,  light-gieen  clay,  light  greenish-gray  marble, 
slightly  purplish  gray  marble,  milk-white  quartz,  blue-green  tour- 
maline, deep-reddish  dolomite,  gray-greenish  beds,  pale  cream  color. 
Hyphenate  also,  in  any  position,  (a)  a  color  term  made  up  of  two  color 
names:  The  tourmaline  is  blue-green  in  color,  this  marble  is  pink- 
white;  (b)  a  color  term  made  up  of  a  color  name  preceded  by  a  noun 
that  indicates  the  shade:  Brick-red,  olive-green,  jet-black,  sky-blue, 
milk-wliite,  verdigris-green,  flint-gray;  (c)  a  color  term  made  up  of  a 
noun  that  indicates  the  color  followed  by  "colored,"  "tinted,"  or 
some  similar  word :  Cream-colored,  salmon-colored,  tan-colored,  ivory- 
tinted.  "Colored"  should  always  be  used  with  a  term  that  in  its 
primary  meaning  does  not  express  color,  as  chocolate-colored  clays, 
not  chocolate  clays. 

Adjectives  formed  by  suffixing  "like"  to  a  noun  should  be  written 
as  one  word  if  the  noun  has  only  one  syllable  (unless  it  ends  in  f  or  1) ; 
if  it  has  more  than  one  syllable  the  hyphen  should  be  used.- 

business-like  eel-like  leaf-like 

childlike  homelike  warlike 

CORRECTION    OF    PROOF    SHEETS. 

Galley  proof  will  ordinarily  be  sent  to  the  author;  also  page  proof 
if  desirable  and  practicable.  The  proofs  will  bear  marks  made  by 
proof  readers  and  editors — corrections,  suggestions,  and  queries. 
These  marks  should  be  carefully  noted,  and  special  attention  should 
be  given  to  queries — question  marks  on  the  margins  of  proof  sheets 
opposite  points  at  which  doubt  is  indicated,  inconsistencies  are  noted, 
information  is  wanted,  or  blanks  are  to  be  filled.  Failure  to  note 
and  answer  such  queries  may  necessitate  the  return  of  the  proofs  to 
the  author. 

Only  reasonable  corrections  can  be  made  in  the  galley  proof,  not 
radical  alterations;  and  only  slight,  inexpensive  changes  will  be  per- 
mitted in  the  pages.  As  a  rule  additions  can  be  made  only  to  the 
galleys.  If  a  considerable  amount  of  matter  is  to  be  added  it  should  be 
written  on  a  sheet  or  slip,  which  should  be  pinned  (not  pasted)  to 
the  galley  proof,  the  place  at  which  the  added  matter  is  to  be 
inserted  being  clearly  indicated.     Proof  should  be  corrected  and  re- 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  23 

turned  promptly  to  the  editor  of  the  Survey,  who  has  been  instructed 
to  conform  strictly  to  the  requirements  stated  in  this  paragraph  and 
must  ignore  all  corrections  made  in  violation  of  them. 

Although  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  an  author  will  be  familiar 
with  the  technicahties  of  proof  reading,  he  should  know  the  use  and 
significance  of  the  principal  marks  employed  in  correcting  proof, 
in  order  that  he  may  understand  the  meaning  of  the  signs  made  on 
his  proofs  and  that  he  may  make  his  own  corrections  properly. 
A  hst  of  proof  reader's  marks  and  a  sample  of  proof  marked  for  cor- 
rection are  given  on  pages  24-25. 

Every  change  or  correction  desired  should  be  indicated  by  marks 
on  the  margin  of  the  proof,  not  in  the  body  of  the  printed  matter, 
except  as  here  noted.  To  indicate  that  something  should  be  taken 
out,  a  line  is  drawn  through  it  and  the  **dele  mark"  (^)  placed  in 
the  margin  of  the  proof.  The  dele  mark  should  not  be  employed 
when  something  else  is  to  be  substituted  for  the  matter  expunged; 
in  this  case  only  the  substituted  matter  should  appear  in  the  margin. 
To  indicate  that  something  should  be  inserted  a  caret  (A)  is  placed 
at  the  point  in  the  text  where  the  insertion  should  be  made  and  the 
matter  to  be  inserted  is  written  in  the  margin.  It  is  not  necessary 
or  proper  to  put  a  caret  in  the  margin  also.  Punctuation  and  other 
marks  which  might  be  obscure  if  written  alone  are  placed  to  the  left 

of  the  "stop  mark,''  thus:  ,  /    ;/  -/  (conima,  semicolon,  hyphen). 

The  stop  mark  is  used  also  to  separate  one  correction  from  the  next 
where  they  are  crowded  in  the  margin.  A  period  to  be  inserted 
should  be  placed  m  a  circle  O.  The  space  mark  (#)  indicates  that 
a  space,  such  as  is  used  between  two  words,  should  be  inserted  at 
the  place  noted  by  a  caret  in  the  body  of  the  proof. 

It  is  important  that  all  marks  of  correction  be  made  conspicuously 
and  legibly,  without  possible  ambiguity.  As  the  editorial  corrections 
are  made  with  black  pencil  the  author  should  use  colored  pencil  or 
ink,  in  order  that  his  marks  may  be  readily  identified. 


2^  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

The  foUowing  are  the  marks  commonly  used  by  proof  readers  to 
mdicate  corrections: 

O  Period. 
y   Comma. 
-  Hyphen. 
5   Colon. 
J   Semicolon. 
\^  Apostrophe. 
"iSy"^  Quotations. 
-^  ^  Em  quadrat. 
^  One-em  daah. 
TPrw  Two-em  parallel  dash. 
^^  Push  down  space. 
^  Close  up. 
^  Less  space. 
A   Caret— left  out,  insert. 
^   Turn  to  proper  position. 
^7^  Insert  space. 
CI   OT     O         Move  to  left  or  to  right. 
//   or     LJ       Move  up  or  move  down. 
A^.  Transpose. 

or  xl^ta;f       Let  it  stand. 

^     Dele — take  out. 
<2>  Broken  letter. 
jl    Paragraph. 
^<<r2l    No  paragraph. 
ycu  "-p  Wrong  font. 
•^y   or  £^.^     Equalize  spacing. 
"=  or  Q^cufx.,>(^.     Capitals. 
^  or  /^.  (2-.        Small  capitals. 
A^.  ^.      Lower-case. 
^S^or  '^         Superior  or  inferior. 
/dccZ.    Italic. 
A^CTyu.   Roman. 
UJ       Brackets. 
(  / )       Parentheses. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  35 

TYPOGRAPHICAL    ERRORsJ-^ 

^.  C       UlTdo^  not  appear  that  the  earlij^st  printers  had    6 
y\/\\^       any  method^of^orrectinaverrors^'before'^the  form    ^  ^^^ 
©/  waB^on  the  press/  The  learned  -%«-l«fti'fi«d-  cor-       ^ 
/  rectors  of  the  first  two  centuries  of  printing  were         /  ^ 
WLr.  not  proof/readers  in  our  sense/ they  w/(jre  rather    p  L^/ 
* y   what  we  should  Term  office  editors.    Their  labors     / 
nX^yC^    were  chiefly  to  see  that  the  proof  corresponded  to 
the  copy,  but  that  the  printed  page  was  correct 
in  its  /atinity/4fa«j>  tjie  umi"^  wcrr  tjicrg^  and    ^d^Z^. 
that  the  sense  was  right.    They  cared  "btrt  little       c^ 
about  orthography,  bad  letters^or  purely  printei^    >/ -^ 
errors,  and  when  the  text  seemed  to  them  wrong      / 
they  consulted  fresh  authorities  or  altered  it  on 
their   own   responsibility.     Good    proofs^in    the 
/rut^^  modem  sense,  were  ^possiBle  until  professional 
•Trr^,      readers  were  employed/  men  who  [had  |  firstl  a 
,      printer's  education,  and  then  spent  many  years 
^      in  the  correc^n  of  proof.    The  orthography  of  # 

English,  which  for  the  past  century  has  undor^     */ 
gone  little  change,  was  very  fluctuating  until  after        '^T* 
in:     the  publication  of  Johnson's  Dictionary,  and  capi- 
tals, which  have  been  used  with  considerable  reg-    _^j^  P.  ^  J 
ularity  for  the  pa6t(8§)  years,  were  previously  used 
on  the  [miss  for\hit7  plan.    The  approach  to  regu- 
larity, 90  far  as  we  hav^  may  be  attributed  to  the 
growth  of  a  class  of  professional  proof  readers,  and 
it  is  to  them  that  we  owe  the  correctness  of  mod- 
ern prin ting. y^  More  er/ors  have  been  found  in  the 

Bible  than  in  any  other  one  work.     For  many  ^^'^-^^^J^£,cLxit>' 
erations  it  was  frequently  the  case  that  Bibles 
were  brought  out  stealthily,  from  fear  of  govern- 
C       (Jmental   ipterference.  /\  They   were  frequently  Oua^  Ut'C^f>^ 
printed  from  imperfect  texts,  and  were  often  mod-       ^ 
ified  to  meet  the  views  of  those  who  publised      '^ 
/7     them  .The  story  is  related  that  a  certain  woman      a     /    o 
^  in  Germany,  who  woa  the  wife  of  a  J*rinter,  vsA   Z.&.lo/K^r 

I  U  I  had  become  dispusted  with  the  continual  asser-         / 

^ l-±.//i^7n,  iiondo^  ihejsuperiority\oi  man  over  woman  which 
J  U I  she  had  heard,  hurried  into  the  composing  room 

y  ^    while  her  husband_  was  at  supper  and  altered  a 

^tt^/-*^ sentence  in  the^  ^ible,^hich,he  waa^rinting,  so      -/  1, 
\^ /?*,         that  it  read^arr^instead  of^Herr,^thu8  making     /^/r^ 
/  ^  the  verse  read  "And  he  shall  be  thy  fool"  instead        L  I      i 

^G^lj^   of  "jlnd  he  shall  be  thy/ord."    The  word^not.    ^/i^r^ 
~ l^cA,    was  omitted  by  Barker,  the  J^ing's  printer  in  En-         //    ' 
^     ~  and inl632,inprintingtheseventh commandment/^    ©/ 
He  was  fined  £6)^000  on  this  account.  ^^^..w-iTafl^i^^t 


-0^ 


-^h! 


W) 


^6  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHOR^. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Publications  of  any  class  may  be  illustrated,  but  illustrations  can 
not  be  used  for  mere  embellishment;  every  one  must  serve  a  definite 
scientific  or  practical  purpose  and  must  be  distinctly  described  or 
mentioned  by  number  at  the  proper  place  in  the  text.  The  numbers 
should  be  assigned  in  the  order  in  which  such  references  appear.  It 
should  be  noted,  however,  that  an  incidental  mention  of  an  illustra- 
tion need  not  determine  its  position,  which  should  be  near  the  place 
where  it  is  principally  mentioned  or  discussed. 

Drawings  and  photographs  intended  for  use  as  illustrations  should 
not  be  inserted  in  the  manuscript  but  should  be  kept  distinct  from 
it,  in  a  separate  envelope  or  package,  and  the  material  for  all  the 
illustrations  for  a  report  should  be  submitted  at  one  time. 

Illustrations  that  bear  geologic  names  should  be  submitted  to  the 
Survey's  committee  on  geologic  names  with  the  manuscript. 

Before  any  work  is  done  on  illustrations  in  the  division  of  book 
publication  they  must  be  approved  by  the  Survey's  committee  on 
illustrations,  to  which  they  will  be  submitted  when  received  by  the 
division.  The  author  should  carefully  verify  all  references  to  illus- 
trations after  the  numbers  have  been  finally  assigned,  seeing  that  all 
references  give  the  correct  numbers  and  that  no  references  to  illustra- 
tions that  have  been  cut  out  are  left.  The  classification  of  the  illus- 
trations into  plates  and  figures  will  be  made  in  the  division  of  book 
publication,  and  the  author  should,  if  possible,  confer  with  the  chief  of 
the  section  of  illustrations  on  this  point  before  finally  numbering  his 
plates  and  figures.  Most  reproductions  of  photographs  and  landscapes 
and  of  drawings  for  colored  maps  will  be  plates,  but  diagrams,  graphic 
sections,  and  most  other  line  drawings  will  appear  as  figures.  Figures 
are  printed  with  the  text;  plates  are,  as  a  rule,  printed  separately 
from  the  text  and  are  bound  into  the  book  at  the  proper  places  or 
put  in  a  pocket  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

The  list  of  illustrations  should  consist  of  brief  titles  of  the  plates 
and  text  figures,  grouped  separately  and  arranged  in  order.  The 
plate  numbers  should  be  in  roman,  as  Plate  IV;  the  figure  numbers 
in  arabic,  as  figure  4.  Subdivisions  of  plates  should  be  lettered  with 
itaHc  capitals,  as  Plate  VI,  A;  subdivisions  of  figures  with  italic 
lower-case  letters,  as  figure  1,  a.  The  number  of  the  manuscript  page 
on  which  each  plate  or  figure  is  described  or  principally  mentioned 
should  be  written  opposite  its  title  in  the  manuscript  list.  Detailed 
explanations  of  parts  or  features  of  illustrations  should  not  be  given 
in  the  list  but  should  be  incorporated  in  the  text  or  in  the  legends 
or  titles.  The  legends  of  the  text  figures  (but  not  those  of  the 
plates)  should  be  written  in  the  manuscript  at  the  places  where  the 
figures  are  to  appear.     These  legends  should  include  not  only  the 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  27 

titles  but  all  necessary  details,  such  as  explanations  of  symbols  or 
letters  that  appear  on  the  figure.  Full  descriptions  of  the  plates, 
comprising  the  matter  to  be  printed  on  or  opposite  them,  should 
be  furnished  if  the  brief  titles  given  in  the  list  of  illustrations  are  not 
sufficient. 

Two  identical  copies  of  the  list  of  illustrations  should  be  made  after 
the  numbers  have  been  finally  assigned,  and  both  should  be  trans- 
mitted with  the  manuscript. 

The  letter  transmitting  the  manuscript  of  an  illustrated  report 
should  mention  the  illustrations  and  give  their  aggregate  number, 
by  plates  and  figures. 

The  pftper  used  by  authors  for  their  original  drawings  should  be 
of  good  quality  and  of  a  tint  that  will  afford  a  good  photograph. 
Some  of  the  drawings  prepared  by  authors,  if  made  with  care,  can  be 
utilized,  in  whole  or  in  part,  for  direct  photographic  reproduction 
by  the  lithographer  or  the  engraver.  Therefore  brown  or  yellow 
paper  should  not  be  used ;  white  paper  or  paper  having  a  slight  bluish 
tint  is  preferable. 

Black,  indelible  ink  of  good  quality  should  be  used.  All  the  lines 
of  the  drawing  should  be  firm  and  distinct;  all  lettering  should  be 
plainly  written  in  pencil,  without  effort  at  ornament. 

The  original  drawing  for  a  text  figure  should  be  larger  than  the 
figure  as  it  will  be  printed  in  the  report  but  should  not  be  so  large 
that  the  sheet  on  which  it  is  drawn  wUl  be  inconvenient  to  handle* 
Most  figures  can  be  advantageously  drawn  for  a  linear  reduction 
to  one-half  or  one-fourth — that  is,  the  distance  between  any  two 
points  in  a  drawing  should  be  twice  to  four  times  the  distance 
between  the  correspondmg  points  in  the  printed  figure.  The  size 
of  the  printed  page  in  bulletins  and  water-supply  papers  is  4|  by 
7i  inches,  in  monographs  and  professional  papers  6  by  9  inches. 
These  dimensions  include  the  space  allowed  for  the  page  heading 
and  the  title  of  the  figure.  Plates  may  exceed  these  limits,  but 
text  figures  should  be  no  wider  than  the  text  page  and  at  least  half 
an  inch  shorter. 

Each  drawing  and  photograph  should  be  marked  to  show  the 
number  and  title  it  wiQ  have  in  the  printed  report  for  which  it  is 
prepared  and  should  bear  in  addition,  if  necessary,  a  memorandum 
indicating  the  special  feature  or  features  it  is  used  to  illustrate. 
Each  photograph  should  also  be  marked  to  show  its  source,  as,  for 
example,  with  the  number  of  the  negative  in  the  Survey's  collection 
or  with  the  name  and  address  of  the  photographer.  Written  permis- 
sion must  be  obtained  for  the  use  of  a  copyrighted  photograph,  and 
credit  to  the  owner  of  the  copyright  must  be  given  on  the  printed 
reproduction. 


28  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHOHS. 

In  grouping  photographs  by  twos  or  fours  for  reproduction  as  a 
plate  the  author  should  consider  the  appearance  of  the  group  as  a 
whole;  for  example,  a  larger  or  darker  photograph  should  be  placed 
below  a  smaller  or  lighter  one.  Each  group  of  this  kind  should,  as 
far  as  possible,  be  made  up  of  illustrations  that  are  mentioned  or 
described  at  nearly  the  same  place  in  the  report,  in  conformity  with 
the  rule  that  illustrations  should  appear  in  the  order  in  which  they 
are  described. 

Every  map,  whether  compiled  from  other  maps  or  prepared  by 
means  of  a  special  survey,  should  show  the  sources  of  all  the  data  it 
embodies,  including  the  names  of  the  surveyors  and  the  date  of  the 
survey.  If  it  is  prepared  under  a  cooperative  agreement  it  should 
bear  the  name  of  the  cooperating  organization. 

Before  an  author  transmits  for  publication  the  material  for  illus- 
trations he  should  confer  with  the  chief  of  the  section  of  illustrations 
concerning  details  of  the  work,  especially  with  respect  to  the  base 
maps  to  be  used.  In  addition  to  this  consultation  detailed  written 
explanations  of  all  illustrations  are  desirable.  Probably  20  per  cent 
of  the  time  employed  by  draftsmen  in  making  final  drawings  is  con- 
sumed in  interpreting  the  meaning  of  uncertain  features  shown  in 
crude  original  drawings.  Authors  can  prevent  this  loss  of  time  by 
adding  to  the  drawings  full  pencil  memoranda  or  explanations  of 
features  that  may  be  difficult  or  doubtful  of  interpretation.  These 
memoranda  will  also  be  useful  when  the  author  can  not  conveniently 
be  consulted  and  they  may  be  the  means  of  avoiding  long  delays 
incident  to  correspondence. 

Certain  material,  such  as  illustrations  of  fossils,  that  may  require 
expert  or  special  preparation  may  be  submitted  to  the  section  of 
iQustrations  before  the  manuscript  is  transmitted,  but  authority 
for  the  preparation  of  the  drawings  in  advance  of  the  presentation 
of  the  manuscript  must  be  obtained  from  the  Director.  If  a  second 
installment  of  such  material  is  sent,  the  letter  transmitting  it  should 
refer  to  the  material  previously  submitted  and  give  the  title  or  sub- 
ject  of  the  report  to  be  illustrated. 

The  completed  drawings  for  the  illustrations  of  a  report  will  be 
submitted  for  approval  or  correction  to  the  author,  who  should  indi- 
cate his  approval  by  signature.  If  corrections  are  necessary  he  should 
indicate  them  clearly  on  the  iQustration  or  on  a  memorandum  to  be 
attached.  After  the  author  has  thus  approved  or  corrected  the 
drawings  no  further  alterations  in  them  can  be  made  except  by 
authority  of  the  Director. 

Proofs  of  illustrations  will  be  sent  to  authors  when  they  can  be 
reached  without  causing  much  delay  in  publication.  Approval 
should  be  indicated  by  signature  and  the  proofs  should  be  returned 
immediately.     Changes  involving  alterations  from  copy  can  not  be 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS.  29 

made  at  this  time  unless  they  are  of  great  importance  or  are  neces- 
sary to  correct  conspicuous  errors,  and  such  changes  can  not  be 
permitted  without  the  consent  of  the  Director.  Even  slight  altera- 
tions at  this  stage  may  make  reengraving  necessary.  Engraved  cuts 
or  plates  can  generally  be  altered  only  by  cutting  off  lines  or  other 
features;  no  considerable  additions  can  be  made. 

The  original  cuts  of  many  illustrations  used  in  Survey  reports  are 
preserved  and  can  be  reused.  An  author  who  may  desire  to  reuse 
any  illustration  should  give  its  number  and  the  number  of  the  report 
in  which  it  appeared.  If  a  cut  is  desired  for  use  in  an  unofficial 
paper,  an  electrotype  can  be  furnished  at  cost.  Requests  for  elec- 
trotypes for  unofficial  use  should  be  addressed  to  the  Director. 

GEOLOGIC    FOLIOS. 

Authors  of  geologic  folios  shoidd  note  the  following  suggestions, 
which  are  condensed  from  a  pamphlet  issued  by  tlie  Survey  in  1904. 

GENERAL   SUGGESTIONS. 

It  is  neither  desirable  nor  possible  to  make  all  folio  texts  conform 
strictly  to  a  single  type,  but  the  pomt  of  view,  the  scope,  and  the  gen- 
eral arrangement  should  bo  fairly  uniform. 

Paint  of  view. — The  author  should  have  constantly  in  mind  the 
primary  object  of  the  folio,  which  is  the  j^resentation  of  a  clear  picture 
of  the  region  described.  He  should  therefore  endeavor  to  put  him- 
self in  the  mental  attitude  of  a  person — preferably  not  a  trained 
geologist — who  has  never  seen  the  region  and  who  must  form  his  con- 
ceptions of  it  chiefly  from  the  written  report.  Too  much  dependence 
should  not  be  ])laced  on  the  cartographic  jncture,  for  most  laymen  do 
not  read  maps  with  facihty. 

Scope. — Although  the  folios  are  intended  for  both  laymen  and 
geologists,  the  descriptive  text  should  not  trespass  on  the  subject 
matter  of  a  geologic  textbook.  The  foUo-cover  text  includes  most 
of  the  definitions  that  are  necessary.  With  reference  to  the  needs 
of  the  layman,  it  wiU  ordinarily  be  better  to  explain  the  technical 
ideas  connected  with  the  local  descriptions  than  to  define  technical 
terms,  but  in  some  foHos  the  need  for  repeated  use  of  the  idea  will  be 
best  met  by  first  defining  and  afterward  using  the  coiTesponding  tech- 
nical term.  It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  make  provision  for  any 
but  the  educated  layman,  and  some  material  may  be  admitted  which 
even  he  will  not  readily  understand,  provided  the  text  as  a  whole  is 
fairly  intelUgible  to  him.  Those  technicahties  of  the  specialist  which 
are  not  understood  by  the  body  of  geologists  or  by  specialists  in  other 
departments  should  generally  be  avoided.  Important  matters  of 
particular  interest  to  the  specialist  may  be  concisely  stated  without 
descriptive  details. 


30  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

The  text  should  be  devoted  mainly  to  the  discussion  of  facts  of 
permanent  interest.  For  example,  in  the  discussion  of  muieral 
resources,  mode  of  occurrence  should  receive  fuller  treatment  than 
amount  of  development.  Also,  more  attention  should  be  given 
to  the  accurate  description  of  the  phenomena  of  the  area  than  to 
hypotheses  of  origin  and  history  of  development.  Such  hypotheses 
should  be  stated  tersely  and  clearly  and  not  in  controversial  or  argu- 
mentative form.  If  the  hypothesis  is  unverified  or  is  supported  mainly 
by  phenomena  outside  of  the  area  discussed,  whatever  doubt  may  exist 
as  to  its  validity  should  be  mentioned. 

Arrangement. — The  material  should  be  arranged  under  a  few  main 
heads;  five  or  six  will  generally  suffice,  though  more  may  be  used  if 
exceptional  importance  of  special  features  makes  their  coordinate 
treatment  necessary. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  introduction  should  include  a  brief  statement  of  the  location  of 
the  quadrangle  in  respect  to  latitude  and  longitude  and  to  State  and 
county  boundaries.  The  area  should  be  stated  exactly,  to  the  near- 
est whole  number  of  square  miles,  which  can  be  ascertained  by  refer- 
ence to  ''Geographic  tables  and  formulas,"  pubUshed  by  the  Survey 
as  Bulletin  234  and  as  an  unnumbered  pamphlet. 

If  practicable,  the  folio  should  include  a  brief  description  of  the 
main  geographic  and  geologic  features  of  the  natural  province  of 
which  the  quadrangle  forms  a  part.  This  may  be  repeated  with  little 
change  for  aU  the  quadrangles  in  the  province.  As  it  is  intended 
chiefly  to  supply  the  layman  with  the  necessary  background  for  the 
detailed  discussion  to  follow,  it  should  be  written  in  language  as  free 
as  possible  from  technical  expressions.  The  exact  relations  of  the 
quadrangle  to  the  natural  province  should  be  clearly  stated. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  description  of  the  topography  should  be  general  in  character, 
its  principal  purposes  being  (a)  to  furnish  a  local  nomenclature  to  be 
used  in  the  descriptive  geology  and  (b)  to  direct  attention  to  features 
represented  on  the  topographic  map  which  would  be  likely  to  escape 
the  attention  of  the  untrained  map  reader. 

The  origin  of  the  topographic  forms  can  be  most  advantageously 
treated  after  the  stratigraphy  and  the  structure  have  been  described. 
Its  discussion  naturally  forms  a  part  of  the  geologic  history.  The 
fact  that  refief  is  discussed  in  this  section  and  physiography  in  a 
later  one  need  not  prevent  the  treatment  of  physiographic  expression 
as  a  part  of  the  description  of  rock  formations. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  31 

DESCRIPTIVE   GEOLOGY. 

Stratigraphy. — The  description  of  the  sedimentary  formations 
should  generally  be  systematic,  though  it  may  vary  in  detail  for  differ- 
ent regions.  If  the  formation  units  have  been  long  established  and  are 
well  known  the  description  may  be  relatively  brief.  The  definition 
should  include  (a)  lithologic  character;  (b)  physiographic  expression, 
provided  that  is  characteristic;  (c)  paleontologic  character;  (d)  name 
and  correlation;  (e)  thickness;  (f)  areal  distribution;  (g)  relation  to 
adjacent  formations,  especially  character  of  upper  and  lower  limits, 
whether  by  gradual  passage  or  unconformity.  These  items  need  not 
be  considered  in  the  order  given  above;  peculiar  conditions  may 
justify  their  discussion  in  a  different  order. 

Under  the  heading  ''Paleontologic  character"  at  least  three  condi- 
tions may  require  somewhat  different  treatment.  (1)  If  the  fauna  or 
the  flora  is  well  known  it  will  be  sufficient  to  give,  in  a  brief  paragraph, 
a  broad  classification  of  the  fossils,  with  mention  of  a  few  species  that 
may  be  useful  in  identifying  the  formation.  (2)  If  the  fossils  are  of 
doubtful  significance  or  if  the  life  of  the  epoch  is  not  well  known 
a  somewhat  more  explicit  statement  is  desirable.  (3)  If  the  fauna 
or  the  flora  is  very  scant  or  poorly  known  or  if  the  investigation  has 
added  valuable  new  material  a  still  more  detailed  reference  to  specific 
forms  may  be  made,  especially  if  the  assigned  age  has  been  determined 
on  this  newly  discovered  evidence  or  if  divisions  are  based  on  paleon- 
tologic difference.  If  the  geologist  is  not  also  a  paleontologist  he 
should  procure  a  concise  statement  from  the  paleontologist  and 
quote  it. 

The  description  of  the  igneous  rocks  should  be  treated  primarily  as 
an  explanation  of  the  cartographic  units  adopted.  A  generalized  pen 
picture  of  the  rock,  giving  its  obvious  characters,  should  be  followed 
by  a  more  technical  description  showing  which  characters  are  general 
and  due  to  the  type  of  the  magmas  erupted  and  which  represent  local 
conditions  of  consolidation.  A  concise  characterization  for  the  petro- 
graphic  specialist  is  desirable,  but  no  extended  description  or  discus- 
sion of  details,  such  as  would  interest  the  specialist  only,  should  be 
given.  In  general  those  features  of  the  rock  which  have  a  bearing  on 
and  are  essential  to  a  discussion  of  the  geology  of  the  region  should  be 
described.  Chemical  analyses  should  be  given,  if  available,  with 
brief  comment  as  to  their  significance,  but  with  no  detailed  or  tech- 
nical discussion. 

The  method  of  treating  metamorphic  formations  should  depend 
on  the  relative  prominence  of  their  original  and  their  acquired  char- 
acteristics. If  the  original  characteristics  are  the  more  important 
the  treatment  should  be  similar  to  that  of  sedimentary  formations; 


32  SUGGESTIOKS  TO  AUTHORS. 

if  the  acquired  characteristics  are  the  more  pronounced  the  treat- 
ment should  be  the  same  as  that  of  igneous  rocks. 

Glacial  deposits  may  be  considered  historically  in  folios  describ- 
ing areas  in  which  such  deposits  are  the  principal  surface  formations. 

Structure. — The  description  of  the  geologic  structure  should  be 
clear,  concise,  and  as  free  as  possible  from  technicalities  and  from 
theoretical  discussion  of  the  causes  producing  it.  The  importance 
of  this  subject  differs  greatly  in  different  regions,  and  its  treatment 
should  be  determined  by  its  importance.  In  some  regions  the  struc- 
tural features,  though  inconspicuous,  are  highly  important  by  reason  of 
their  influence  on  the  accumulation  or  exploitation  of  mineral  deposits, 
such  as  oil,  gas,  and  coal.  The  discussion  of  such  features  should 
be  sufficiently  full  and  explicit  to  form  a  groundwork  for  the  subse- 
quent discussion  of  the  mineral  resources.  The  relation  between 
structure  and  mineral  deposits  should  bo  pointed  out  in  connection 
with  descriptions  of  those  deposits. 

GEOLOGIC    HISTORY. 

The  discussion  of  the  geologic  history  should  present  a  connected 
account  of  the  area  by  the  recognized  geologic  periods.  The  subdi- 
vision into  *' Sedimentary  record,"  '^ Igneous  record,"  and  "Physio- 
graphic record"  is  suggested  as  being  generally  applicable,  but  in 
many  folios  the  sedimentary  and  igneous  history  will  necessarily  be 
combined  in  a  chronologic  account  of  events.  The  ''Physiographic 
record"  should  include  a  discussion  of  the  origin  of  the  present 
topographic  forms. 

MINERAL   RESOURCES. 

In  general  the  detail  devoted  to  economic  geology  should  be  roughly 
proportional  to  the  value  or  quantity  of  the  resources  and  the  need 
of  information.  Particular  care  should  be  taken  to  record  such  gen- 
eral facts  in  regard  to  the  mineral  resources  as  will  enable  the  reader 
to  make  an  intelligent  estimate  of  the  value  of  both  the  devel- 
oped and  the  undeveloped  deposits.  If  the  mineral  resources  are 
extensive  and  if  a  large  amount  of  detailed  information  that  is  of 
economic  value  has  been  collected,  the  material  should  be  prepared 
for  publication  as  a  bulletin  and  the  discussion  of  the  economic 
geology  in  the  folio  text  should  be  confined  largely  to  a  statement  of 
the  purely  geologic  relations  of  the  mineral  deposits. 

More  attention  should  be  devoted  to  water  resources  in  a  folio  that 
relates  to  an  agricultural  or  ranching  country  than  in  one  that  de- 
scribes an  area  where  mining  is  the  dominant  industry,  and,  similarly, 
in  a  folio  that  treats  of  an  arid  or  semiarid  region  than  in  one  that 
treats  of  a  region  which  is  well  watered  and  in  which  the  problems  of 
water  supply  are  well  understood.     The  discussion  of  the  underground 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  iJa 

water  supply  should  include  (a)  an  enumeration  of  the  water-bearing 
formations  or  beds  and  descriptions  of  theii*  character  supplemen- 
tary to  those  given  under  ''Descriptive  geology";  (6)  a  description  of 
the  geologic  structure  of  the  water-bearing  beds,  with  statements  of 
depth  and  of  elevation  of  outcrop;  (c)  a  statement  as  to  the  quantity 
and  character  of  water. 

REPORTS    ON    MINING    DISTRICTS.^ 

The  following  suggestions  and  definitions,  condensed  and  revised 
from  a  pamphlet  issued  in  1906,  are  offered  to  Survey  writers  on  the 
economic  geology  of  miiung  districts  as  representmg  the  practice  to 
which  they  shoidd  endeavor  to  conform. 

GENERAL   SUGGESTIONS. 

Point  of  view. — ^Tho  remarks  oii  the  pouit  of  view  given  in  the  sug- 
gestions to  authors  of  geologic  folios  (p.  29)  are  equally  applicable 
here  and  need  not  be  repeated. 

Geology  in  its  econxymic  hearing. — The  writer  should  bear  hi  mind 
that  an  economic  report  may  be  used  by  readers  who  are  not  geolo- 
gists, and  he  should  therefore  avoid  as  far  as  possible  technical 
words  with  which  they  are  not  likely  to  be  familiar.  If  the  use  of 
such  words  is  unavoidable  it  may  be  desirable  to  explain  briefly  their 
meaning. 

Stress  should  be  laid  on  those  geologic  facts  that  have  direct 
economic  interest.  Purely  theoretic  or  scientific  material,  such  as 
petrologic  discussions,  may  often  best  be  reserved  for  separate  pubH- 
cations.  If  it  seems  desirable  to  include  such  material  in  an  economic 
report,  it  may,  by  paragrapMng  in  smaller  type,  be  kept  distmct 
from  the  main  body  of  the  report. 

Order  of  treatment. — The  order  of  treatment  should  follow  the  prin- 
ciple of  first  giving  the  reader  a  general  idea  of  the  subject  under  con- 
sideration before  proceeding  to  detailed  description — the  reverse  of 
the  process  by  which  the  author  usually  arrives  at  his  results.  This 
suggestion  applies  not  only  to  the  whole  report  but  also  to  the  treat- 
ment of  indi\adual  topics.  Thus,  before  describing  the  geology  of 
the  ore  deposits  of  a  district,  he  might  give  a  brief  characterization 
like  this:  "It  is  an  area  of  granite  intruded  by  andesite,  which  is  in 
turn  cut  by  phonolite  dikes,"  or  ''The  deposits  are  narrow,  vertical 
veins  cutting  granite,  andesite,  and  phonolite  and  conforming  in  gen- 
eral direction  with  the  phonolite  dikes."  In  this  way  the  reader 
starts  with  a  general  idea  of  the  subject  and  is  able  to  see  the  bearing 
of  the  facts  observed  and  presented  by  the  author. 

1  Prepared  originally  in  190G  by  S.  F.  Emmons;  revised  in  June,  1913,  by  F.  L.  Ransome. 
93135°— 13 3 


34  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

SUBJECT   ORDER. 

The  general  order  of  treatment  here  recommended  is  applicable  to 
a  complete  report  on  a  mining  district,  and  a  paper  of  different  scope 
may  well  follow  a  similar  general  order  so  far  as  it  can  be  applied  to 
the  facts  presented.  The  titles  of  the  headmgs  may  be  modified 
according  to  the  varying  conditions  in  different  regions  and  the  taste 
of  the  author,  the  main  point  being  that  he  should  have  some  defi- 
nite plan  in  mmd  before  he  begins  to  write.  The  general  heads  may 
comprise  the  following: 

1.  Preface. 

2.  Outline  of  the  report. 

3.  Introduction,  or  prefatory  matter. 

4.  Geography  and  history. 

5.  Geology. 

6.  Ore  deposits. 

Preface. — The  preface  should  be  written  and  signed  by  the  geolo- 
gist in  charge  of  the  administrative  unit  to  which  the  author  belongs. 
It  should  indicate  the  character  and  piu-pose  of  the  investigation 
and  call  attention  to  important  features  or  results  set  forth  in  the 
report  and  to  their  bearing  on  regional  or  other  broad  problems. 

Outline  of  the  report. — The  author  should  write  a  brief  but  carefully 
prepared  abstract  of  the  report,  with  a  view  not  only  of  giving  the 
reader  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  work  but  of  affording  an  authori- 
tative outline  for  the  press. 

Introduction. — ^The  introduction  may  comprise  a  statement  of  the 
conditions  under  which  the  work  was  done,  acknowledgment  of  favors, 
and  mention  of  previous  work  in  the  same  field,  the  matter  under  this 
heading  ending  with  a  bibliography,  if  the  literature  on  the  district 
discussed  is  sufficient  to  warrant  it.  Bibliographies  are  more  useful 
if  the  title  of  each  paper  is  followed  by  a  brief  abstract  of  its  contents. 

Geography. — The  section  on  geography  should  describe  location, 
routes  of  approach,  topography,  climate,  vegetation,  and  other 
geographic  features.  Kelief  and  drainage  should  be  described  as 
present  features  of  the  landscape,  but  their  genesis  and  evolution 
should  be  discussed  under  "Geology." 

Geology. — The  discussion  of  the  geology  should  present  general 
geologic  information  with  regard  to  the  region,  in  the  following  order: 
{a)  The  character  and  composition  of  different  rock  formations  in 
order  of  age,  commencing  with  the  oldest  and  distinguishmg  sedi- 
mentary from  igneous;  (&)  the  distribution  and  structural  relations 
of  the  formations ;  (c)  metamorphism;  {d)  the  development  of  topo- 
graphic features  with  special  reference  to  lithology  and  geologic 
structures. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  85 

Ore  deposits. — The  description  of  the  ore  deposits  as  a  whole  and  the 
discussion  of  their  genesis  should  form  the  principal  part  of  the  report. 
In  this  section  the  subdivisions  suggested  below  may  be  enlarged  or 
condensed  according  to  the  nature  of  the  deposits,  but  the  general 
order  of  subjects  should  be  preserved. 

(a)  History  of  mining  development.  In  this  section  the  author 
may  relate  the  successive  steps  in  the  local  progress  of  the  mining 
art  and  state  the  present  conditions.  In  some  reports  that  are  essen- 
tially economic  this  history  may  follow  the  "Introduction." 

(6)  Production,  including  annual  and  total  output  of  mineral  prod- 
ucts, with  som-ces  of  information. 

(c)  General  character  of  deposits,  such  as  fissure  veins,  replacement 
deposits,  contact  deposits. 

id)  Mineralogy — enumeration  and  brief  description  of  gangue 
minerals,  of  origuial  metallic  minerals,  in  order  of  value  of  metal  or 
other  distinctive  feature,  and  of  secondary  minerals  or  products  of 
alteration,  in  the  same  order;  also  paragenesis  or  succession  of  min- 
erals, and  its  bearing  on  genesis. 

(e)  Description  of  the  deposits — distribution  and  geologic  features, 
stmctural  relations,  primary  deposition,  underground  water,  second- 
ary deposition  and  alteration  of  ore  and  country  rock,  distribution  of 
ore  in  the  deposits,  age  of  original  and  secondary  deposits,  value  of 
ores  and  its  dependence  on  geologic  conditions. 

(/)  Genesis  of  the  deposits.  In  the  section  on  genesis  the  author 
should  recapitulate  the  essential  facts  brought  out  in  his  descriptions, 
show  their  bearing  on  the  problem  of  origin,  and  deduce  such  theo- 
retical conclusions  as  they  may  warrant. 

{g)  Practical  applicatit)ns.  Under  tliis  head  the  geologist  may 
pouit  out  how  his  work  may  aid  the  miners  in  developuig  their  ore 
bodies  or  in  finding  new  ones  and  may  forecast,  if  possible,  the  eco- 
nomic future  of  the  district. 

Qi)  Detailed  descriptions  of  mines.  In  the  detailed  descriptions  of 
the  individual  mines  or  groups  of  mines  the  general  order  of  treat- 
ment indicated  above  should  be  followed.  It  is  well  to  select  one  or 
more  of  the  principal  or  characteristic  mines  as  types  to  be  described 
in  considerable  detail.  The  amount  of  detail  for  the  others  should 
depend  somewhat  on  the  importance  of  the  mines  and  the  degree  in 
which  their  deposits  vary  from  the  type. 

DEFINITIONS. 

The  following  definitions  of  certain  terms  in  common  use  are  sanc- 
tioned by  the  practice  of  the  Survey,  and  it  is  desirable  to  adhere  to 
them  in  Survey  reports,  as  a  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  use  of  such' 
terms  is  likely  to  cause  misunderstanding. 


36  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

MATERIALS. 

Ore. — Ore  may  be  defined  as  a  mineral  or  natural  association  of 
minerals  from  which  one  or  more  of  the  useful  metals  may  be  profit- 
ably extracted.  Material  that  can  not  be  profitably  worked  to-day 
may  become  of  economic  value  a  year  or  so  hence  without  any  change 
m  character.  Consequently,  in  using  the  term  "ore'^  it  is  necessary 
to  take  into  account  the  effect  of  changing  economic  conditions  and 
of  probable  improvements  in  metallurgical  processes. 

Gangue. — The  term  *'gangue"  is  properly  applied  only  to  the 
earthy  or  nonmetallic  minerals  that  are  of  common  occurrence  in 
ore  deposits,  such  as  quartz,  barite,  chlorite,  fiuorite,  calcite,  and 
dolomite.  The  practice  of  describing  as  gangue  any  metallic  minerals 
that  may  happen  to  be  of  no  economic  value  is  not  desirable,  even 
if  they  are  called  metallic  gangue,  for  it  permits  no  uniform  distinc- 
tion between  ore  and  gangue. 

In  describing  the  minerals  occurring  in  an  ore  deposit  it  is  well 
to  distinguish  the  gangue  minerals  that  are  exogenous — those  that 
have  been  brought  in  from  some  outside  source — from  those  that  are 
the  product  of  alteration  of  the  wall  rock  or  country  rock. 

Vein  material. — As  a  collective  term  to  describe  the  aggregate  of 
materials  which  make  up  the  ore  body  the  phrase  ''vein  material"  or 
"vein  stuff"  may  be  used.  ''Vein  stone"  is  less  desirable,  for  the 
reason  that  "stone"  is  used  by  some  mining  men  as  a  technical  term 
for  ore,  and  others  make  "vein  stone"  synonymous  with  "gangue." 

Gouge. — Gouge  is  a  soft,  clayey  material  occurring  in  some  places 
as  a  selvage  between  a  vein  and  the  country  rock  and  usually  formed 
by  the  trituration  of  the  country  rock  by  motion  subsequent  to  the 
formation  of  the  vein.  The  term  should  not  be  loosely  used  for  any 
soft,  crushed  material. 

Country  or  country  rock. — "Country"  is  the  miner's  term  for 
the  rock  which  incloses  an  ore  deposit.  The  term  "country  rock" 
has  been  criticized  as  tautologic;  nevertheless,  it  is  sanctioned  by 
very  wide  usage,  and  its  use  is  considered  advisable  where  the 
single  word  "country"  might  lead  to  confusion  in  the  mind  of  the 
nontechnical  reader. 

FORMS. 

Vein,  lode,  vein  system. — The  material  filling  a  fissure,  when  not 
injected  as  molten  matter  to  form  a  dike,  is  termed  a  veiQ.  Most 
veins  are  of  nearly  tabular  form.  An  ore-bearing  vein  is  a  single 
body  of  metalliferous  minerals  occupying  or  following  a  fissure,  both 
walls  of  which  generally,  but  not  invariably,  are  well  defined.  Where 
several  veins  are  so  closely  spaced  that  the  ground  between  them 
becomes  in  places  ore  bearing  and  in  its  whole  width  constitutes  an 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  87 

ore  body,  the  assemblage  is  called  a  lode,  although  in  legal  phrase- 
ology lode  or  lead  is  synonymous  with  vein  in  a  broad  sense.  The 
term  ''vein  system"  may  be  used  for  a  larger  group  of  veins  and  may 
include  several  lodes.  The  fractures  of  the  earth's  crust  that  admit 
of  ore  deposition  are  so  multiform  that  it  is  not  possible  to  give 
stricter  definitions.  Usage  may  differ  somewhat  in  different  districts, 
but  the  general  order  from  simpler  to  more  complicated  deposits  will 
be  vein,  lode,  vein  system.  The  more  subordinate  deposits,  such  as 
little  veins  that  cross  the  material  included  between  vein  walls,  may 
be  called  veinlets  or  stiingers. 

Shear  zone. — The  term  '* shear  zone"  belongs  more  properly  to 
general  geology,  being  used  to  define  the  zone  along  which  the  rocks 
have  been  sheeted  or  laminated  by  a  shearing  stress  with  some 
lateral  movement  but  which  is  by  no  means  necessarily  or  even 
commonly  mineralized.  It  denotes  a  structural  feature  along  which 
ore  may  be  deposited  but  which  is  not  itself  a  form  of  deposit. 

Sheeting. — The  term  "sheeting"  or  "sheeted  zone"  may  be  used 
where  the  movement  has  resulted  in  approximately  parallel  fissures 
that  have  thin  sheets  of  country  rock  between  them. 

Bedded  deposit,  bed  deposit. — In  contrast  with  veiijs,  which  cut 
across  the  bedding  of  the  inclosing  rocks,  some  deposits  conform 
with  the  stratification.  Such  deposits  are  frequently  called  bedded 
deposits,  but  this  name  suggests  that  they  were  laid  down  as  members 
of  the  stratigraphic  series  hi  which  they  occur — that  is,  that  they  are 
S3mgene tic  deposits.  The  term  "bed  deposit"  is  of  broader  application; 
it  will  cover  such  deposits  as  may  have  been  subsequently  introduced 
between  the  beds — that  is,  epigenetic  deposits.  Among  miners  the 
term  "blanket  vem"  is  usually  applied  to  any  nearly  flat  deposit. 

Gash  vein. — The  term  "gash  vein"  has  been  employed  to  describe 
a  vein  that  fills  joints  or  fissm*es  in  limestone  in  the  lead  deposits 
of  the  Mississippi  \'alley  region.  A  gash  vehi  docs  not  extend  beyond 
a  smgle  bed  or  similar  rock  mass. 

True  fissure  vein. — Whitney  ("Metallic  wealth  of  the  United 
States")  used  the  term  "ti-ue  fissure  vem"  to  describe  a  true  vein 
as  distinguished  from  a  gash  vein,  the  latter  being  limited  in  extent, 
whereas  the  former,  according  to  him,  "may  be  presumed  to  extend 
for  an  indefinite  distance  downward."  From  this  statement  appar- 
ently has  sprung  the  idea  common  among  miners  that  a  "true  fissure 
vein"  is  the  most  desirable  form  of  mineral  deposit,  because  of  its 
indefinite  extension.  This  is  a  popular  delusion  that  it  is  not  desir- 
able to  perpetuate;  hence  the  use  of  the  term  should  be  avoided. 
"True  vein"  was  the  term  in  use  before  Whitney's  publication,  and 
among  the  earlier  writers  on  ore  deposition  it  signified  an  ore  body 
filling  a  fissiu-e;  hence  the  term  "fissure  vein"  is  in  a  strict  sense 
pleonastic  and  should  not  be  used  in  classification. 


38  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

Structure  of  vein  material. — The  following  forms  of  structure  may 
be  recognized  in  the  material  filling  a  fissure : 

1.  Banded  structure,  where  the  vein  shows  in  cross  section  a  band- 
ing approximately  parallel  to  the  wall.  This  may  be  subdivided, 
according  to  origin,  mto — 

(a)  Banded  structure  by  filling,  in  which  the  filling  is  evidently 
a  series  of  layers  of  vein  material  deposited  successively  on  the  walls 
of  an  open  space.  If  the  layers  are  symmetrically  arranged  on  either 
side  of  a  central  band  containing  druses  with  crystals  pointing  inward, 
a  variety  called  comb  structm-e  is  produced. 

(h)  Banded  structure  by  subsequent  movement,  which  is  produced 
by  a  sunple  sheeting  of  the  vein  material  after  original  deposition 
and  is  called  ribbon  structure.  Such  movement  may  result  in  a 
reopening  along  the  new  plane  of  movement  and  the  deposition  of 
new  material  in  the  opening. 

(c)  Banded  structm^e  by  replacement,  formed  where  the  original 
fissure  consisted  of  a  number  of  parallel  openings  separated  by  thin 
bands  of  country  rock  and  where,  during  or  subsequent  to  the  filling 
of  these  openings,  the  intervening  bands  of  country  rock  have  been 
more  or  less  completely  replaced  by  vein  material. 

2.  Breccia  structure,  formed  where  the  friction  breccia  or  dragged-in 
fragments  of  country  rock  constitute  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
vein  filling  and  the  ore  has  been  deposited  in  the  spaces  between 
the  fragments,  perhaps  in  more  or  less  concentric  shells  or  layers 
around  them.  Breccia  structure  may  occur  in  any  vein ;  hence  it  is 
not  desirable  to  use  ^'brecciated  vein''  as  a  term  of  classification. 

Linked  veins. — Deposits  filling  approximately  parallel  and  over- 
lapping fissures,  arranged  in  steplike  form  and  connected  or  Imked 
by  small,  irregular  cross  stringers,  are  called  linked  veins.  As  the 
deposit  pinches  out  on  one  fissure  it  is  taken  up  on  one  of  the  over- 
lapping fissures. 

Stringer  lode. — A  stringer  lode  is  made  up  of  irregularly  branching 
and  anastomosing  stringers  or  veinlets.  In  most  lodes  the  rock 
between  the  veinlets  is  so  much  metallized  or  is  so  inseparable  from 
the  stringers  that  the  whole  is  worked  as  a  single  ore  body. 

CTiimney,  stoclc. — The  term  ''chimney''  is  applied  to  ore  bodies 
which  have  not  the  tabular  form  of  a  vein  but  are  rudely  circular 
or  elliptical  in  outline  horizontally  and  have  a  very  considerable 
vertical  extent.  A  similar  body  of  still  greater  irregularity  of  out- 
line is  called  a  stock. 

StochworTc. — ^A  stockwork  is  an  ore  body  that  is  of  stocklike  form 
but  that  is  made  up  of  innumerable  branching  and  anastomosing 
stringers,  as  in  a  stringer  lode. 

Ore  shoot,  fanj  sTioot. — ^An  ore  shoot  or  pay  shoot  is  that  part  of  a 
metalliferous  deposit  which  is  rich  enough  to  exploit.  Its  outlines 
are  not  generally  weU  defined.     The  ore  shoot  may  be  considered  as 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 


39 


Cfioss  secr/ov 


LONGITUDINAL    SECTION 
Shaft 


having  three  axes,  at  right  angles  to  one  another.  The  incUnation 
of  the  longest  axis  to  a  horizontal  plane  is  called  the  plunge  and  is 
measured  in  a  vertical  plane  erected  along  the  axis.  The  angle  made 
by  this  axis  with  a  horizontal  line,  measured  in  the  plane  of  the  vein, 
is  called  the  pitch.  In  an  ore  shoot  that  is  part  of  a  vein  the  dip  of 
the  vein  and  the  plimge  of  the  ore  shoot  coincide  when  the  pitch  is 
90°.     (See  Bi'p,  pitch,  p.  41.) 

The  true  dimensions  of  an  ore  shoot  would  be  shown  by  giving  the 
length  of  its  longest  axis  and  the  area  of  one  or  more  cross  sections 
normal  to  that  axis.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  its  true  form  can  rarely 
be  determined  until  all  the  ore  has  been  mined,  it  is  common  practice 
to  speak  of  its  length  and  width  or  thickness  as  those  of  a  horizontal 
section  of  the  body  on  a  given  level  of  the  mine.  These  are  evi- 
dently not  true  dimensions  miless  the  longest  axis  of  the  body  is 
vertical.  It  is  advisable  to  follow  the  usage  adopted  by  Lindgren 
and  Ransome  in  their  Cripple 
Creek  report  and  call  the  longest 
axis ' '  pitch  length ' '  and  the  hori- 
zontal dimension  along  the  level 
''stope  length."     (See  fig.  1.) 

Contact  deposits. — The  term 
'^ contact  deposits"  should  be  re- 
stricted to  deposits  wliich  have 
been  formed  by  igneous  meta- 
morphism  and  which  cany  the 
minerals  characteristic  of  such 
action.  This  use  eUminates 
from  this  category  many  forms 
of  deposit  that  have  been  so 
termed  simply  because  they  happen  to  occur  between  two  differ- 
ent kinds  of  rock.  Contact  deposits,  as  thus  restricted,  occur  mostly 
in  limestone  at  or  near  its  contact  with  an  intrusive  igneous  rock. 
They  are  very  irregular  in  form.  Mineralogically  they  differ  from  other 
deposits  by  the  contemporaneous  formation  of  oxides  and  sulphides, 
principally  of  iron,  and  by  the  association  of  the  metallic  minerals  with 
lime-silicate  minerals. 

Segregated  vein. — The  term  "segregated  vein,"  which  has  been  used 
to  define  materials  that  have  been  concentrated  in  a  sedimentary 
bed,  would  be  more  appropriately  used  for  the  material  gathered 
together  from  a  molten  magma.  In  either  sense  it  is  not  sufficiently 
distinctive  to  be  used  to  characterize  any  single  type  of  deposits. 

Impregnation. — As  a  general  rule  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid 
using  the  name  of  a  process  as  the  definition  of  a  type  of  deposit. 
The  term  ''impregnation,"  for  instance,  has  been  used  by  different 


FiGUEK  1.— Diagram  illustrating  application  of  terms 
used  in  describing  ore  bodies. 


40  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

writers  in  many  and  conflicting  senses.  It  properly  signifies  the 
introduction  of  mineral  substances  in  a  finely  disseminated  condition 
into  rocks,  either  as  a  filling  of  open  spaces  or  as  a  replacement  of 
certain  minerals.  To  describe  ore  occurring  in  small,  irregular,  dis- 
connected particles  throughout  the  mass  of  a  rock,  ''disseminated 
deposits"  is  a  preferable  term,  for  it  has  no  genetic  signification. 

PROCESSES. 

Metasomatism. — Metasomatism  may  be  defined  as  the  process  by 
which,  through  chemical  interchange,  a  mineral  or  an  aggregate  of 
minerals  undergoes  partial  or  complete  change  in  chemical  consti- 
tution. The  term  ''metasomatism"  is  of  wider  apphcation  than 
"pseudomorphism, "for the  process  it  designates  does  not  necessarily 
involve  the  preservation  of  the  crystalline  form  of  the  original  mineral. 
It  may  or  may  not  be  accompanied  by  a  change  in  volume. 

Replacement. — As  a  general  term  synonymous  with  "metasoma- 
tism," "replacement"  is  preferable  to  "substitution,"  which  is  a 
chemical  term  strictly  defined  as  "the  replacing  of  one  or  more 
elements  or  radicals  in  a  compound  by  other  elements  or  compounds," 
a  restricted  usage  to  which  " replacement"  is  not  confined.  Replace- 
ment may  be  either  partial  or  complete,  according  as  only  a  part  or 
the  whole  of  one  rock  or  mineral  has  been  replaced  by  another. 

Alteration. — The  term  "alteration"  apphes  to  the  partial  change 
of  substance  in  a  rock  or  mineral  which  does  not  necessarily  involve 
its  replacement  by  another.     The  process  is  purely  chemical. 

Decomposition. — The  term  "decomposition"  signifies  the  decay  of 
a  rock  or  mineral  into  secondary  products,  usually  accompanied  by 
disintegration,  so  that  it  involves  a  physical  as  well  as  a  chemical 
change  and  is  most  commonly  effected  by  weathering. 

WeatTiering. — The  term  "weathering"  should  be  confined  to  changes 
in  cohesion  and  composition  of  rocks  near  the  surface  by  the  decom- 
posing and  oxidizing  action  of  surface  waters,  by  variations  in  tem- 
perature, and  by  other  atmospheric  and  surface  agencies.  The  ten- 
dency of  such  changes  is  to  destroy  the  rock  as  a  geologic  unit. 

Enrichment. — In  many  sulphide  deposits  the  valuable  metals 
have  been  concentrated  by  solutions  that  have  descended  from  the 
zone  of  oxidation.  As  commonly  used,  the  expression  "secondary 
enrichment"  is  tautologic  and  should  be  avoided. 

MINING  TERMS. 

In  describing  a  mine  it  is  well  to  state  concisely  the  extent  and 
character  of  the  mine  openings,  for  which  the  terms  in  general  use, 
given  in  the  following  paragraphs,  should  be  employed.  If  a  local 
term,  not  in  general  use,  is  employed  its  meaning  should  be  stated. 


SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHOKS.  41 

Shaft,  incline,  slope,  winze,  raise,  chute,  stope. — The  term  *' shaft," 
when  not  quaUfied,  means  a  vertical  opening  starting  at  the  surface. 
A  shaft  that  follows  the  inclination  of  a  vein  or  bed  that  is  not  vertical 
is  called  an  inchned  shaft,  or  simply  an  incline.  In  coal  mines  such 
an  incline  is  commonly  termed  a  slope.  Passages  within  a  mine 
driven  upward  from  a  horizontal  gallery  are  called  raises  or  upraises; 
those  driven  downward  are  called  winzes.  Inclined  raises  or  winzes 
are  often  termed  inclines.  When  used  for  sending  ore  down  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  part  of  the  mine  such  passages  are  termed  chutes, 
ore  chutes,  or  mill  holes.  A  stope  is  an  opening  made  in  extract- 
ing ore. 

Tunnel,  adit,  drift,  crosscut,  level. — Properly  defined,  a  tunnel  is  an 
underground  gallery  open  to  the  air  at  both  ends,  an  adit  is  open  at 
only  one  end,  and  drifts  and  crosscuts  are  horizontal  galleries  that  do 
not  reach  the  surface.  In  the  United  States,  however,  the  term  '^  tun- 
nel" has  come  into  use  among  minci-s  in  a  sense  more  or  less  syn- 
onymous with  '^  adit"  and  in  this  sense  it  is  recognized  by  the  mining 
law;  hence  it  can  not  be  confined  to  its  original  meaning. 

The  following  distinctions  arc  made  by  miners  and  may  well  be  ob- 
served in  wnting:  A  drift  foUows  the  general  strike  of  an  ore  body, 
vein,  or  rock  structure.  A  crosscut,  as  its  name  implies,  crosses  the 
trend  of  the  ore  or  rock  structure.  Stations  are  roomlike  enlarge- 
ments of  drifts  or  crosscuts  where  they  connect  with  a  shaft.  All 
the  drifts  and  crosscuts  that  connect  on  approximately  the  same 
horizontal  plane  with  a  station  or  with  an  adit  constitute  a  level. 
If  the  level  opens  to  the  surface  through  an  adit  it  is  termed  an  adit 
level. 

Dip,  pitch. — Dip  is  the  angular  divergence  of  a  bed  or  of  a  tabular 
deposit,  such  as  a  vein,  from  a  horizontal  plane.  The  term  ''pitch,'* 
originally  used  to  signify  the  inclination  of  the  axis  of  a  fold  from  a 
horizontal  Ime,  has  come  into  use  among  miners  to  express  the  incli- 
nation of  the  longest  axis  of  an  ore  body  or  pay  shoot  within  the 
plane  of  the  vein.  It  should  not  be  confounded  with  dip.  (See  Ore 
shoot,  p.  38.) 

Mine,  prospect. — It  may  be  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  certain 
property  shall  be  called  a  mine  or  a  prospect,  and  no  hard  and  fast 
rule  can  be  laid  down  for  universal  application.  In  general,  shafts 
that  are  less  than  100  feet  in  depth,  with  less  than  100  feet  of  drift- 
ing, and  that  have  not  produced  ore  in  commercial  quantity  should 
be  termed  prospects.  The  essential  feature  of  a  mine  is  the  production 
of  ore  in  marketable  quantity,  but  an  unproductive  property  may 
be  so  extensively  developed  and  equipped  that  it  may  be  called  a 
mme  rather  than  a  prospect. 


42  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

SUGGESTIONS    AS    TO    EXPRESSION. 
GENERAL  OBSEEVATIONS. 

No  general  rule  as  to  the  intellectual  plane  or  the  literary  style  or 
quality  of  the  Survey's  reports  can  be  given.  In  determining  these 
features  the  subject  discussed,  the  nature  of  the  report,  and  the  kind 
of  readers  it  will  probably  find  should  be  considered.  A  report  that 
is  likely  to  be  of  popular  interest  may  differ  in  style  from  a  technical 
discussion,  yet  both  may  be  written  correctly  and  clearly,  with  all 
necessary  spontaneity  and  naturalness.  In  writing  a  report  that 
may  be  of  general  interest  or  that  may  find  readers  who  are  unfamiliar 
with  scientific  or  technical  terms,  an  author  may  profitably  bear  in 
mind  the  saying  that ''  the  ideal  of  style  is  the  speech  of  the  people 
in  the  mouth  of  the  scholar." 

A  careful  writer  will  not  only  consider  fully  the  general  order  of  the 
matter  of  his  report  and  its  arrangement  under  appropriate  headings 
but  will  divide  it  properly  into  paragraphs  and  will  choose  deliber- 
ately the  subject  and  the  subject  nominative  of  each  clause,  pre- 
ferring concrete  terms  in  discussions  of  concrete  things  and  beginning 
and  ending  each  sentence  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  important  words 
and  phrases  the  place  of  emphasis.  He  will  not  write  very  long  or 
extremely  involved  sentences,  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  will  he  allow 
his  style  to  be  made  '^ choppy"  by  a  succession  of  sentences  that  are 
too  short.  He  will  choose  words  of  certain,  definite  meaning,  prefer- 
ably familiar  words,  will  arrange  them  in  proper  order,  and  will  try 
to  write  in  such  a  way  that  the  reader's  attention  will  be  held  by  the 
matter  of  his  story  and  not  distracted  by  the  manner  in  which  it  is 
told.  In  short,  recognizing  the  fact  that  writing  is  an  art,  he  will  try 
to  cultivate  it,  observing  not  only  its  larger  demands  but  even  its 
smaller  proprieties,  assured  that  the  reader  will  reap  the  reward  of  his 
care  and  patience. 

Correctness,  clearness,  and  conciseness  are  ideal  quahties  of  good 
scientific  writing.  Clearness  alone  is  not  sufficient,  for  a  statement 
that  is  entirely  clear  may  contain  serious  grammatical  errors  or  may 
be  expressed  in  terms  that  are  not  well  adapted  to  a  scientific  report; 
and  conciseness  may  be  gained  at  the  expense  of  both  clearness  and 
correctness.  The  attempt,  however,  to  conform  strictly  in  all 
respects  to  the  recognized  standard  of  correctness — present  good 
usage — may  involve  tedious  and  mconclusive  research  as  to  points  in 
question.  Current  dictionaries  and  grammars  afford  the  readiest 
means  of  determining  most  doubtful  questions,  but  in  addition  to 
these  the  Survey  has  provided  a  shelf  of  manuals  of  instruction  or 
criticism  which  are  at  the  service  of  its  writers. 

It  has  often  been  contended  that  much  scientific  writing  is  not  only 
slovenly  in  style  but  obscure  or  unintelligible  in  meaning,  and  a 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  48 

critical  examination  of  many  scientific  papers  will  sustain  this  con- 
tention and  will  show  that  their  bad  form  and  obscurity  arise  from 
utter  neglect  of  details  of  expression.  In  any  paper  every  word  or 
phrase  of  doubtful  meaning,  every  word  or  phrase  misused  or  mis- 
placed is  a  fault — it  may  be  a  serious  fault — and  such  faults  abound 
in  many  scientific  papers.  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  maintain  that 
the  Hterature  of  science  should  display  both  clearness  and  accuracy 
of  statement;  that  its  terms  should  be  unmistakable  and  its  phrases 
both  precise  and  concise;  and  that  it  should  exhibit  throughout  that 
reasonably  good  form  which  wnU  conmiend  it  to  the  favorable  judg- 
ment of  an  intelUgent  critic  of  expression.  A  constructive  disserta- 
tion on  the  principles  of  Hterary  style  would  be  out  of  place  here — 
the  subject  is  too  broad  and  too  complex  for  biief  treatment — but 
imder  the  following  headings  some  of  the  commoner  faults  appear- 
ing in  the  manuscripts  of  Survey  reports  are  noted,  with  the  hope 
that  they  may  be  avoided. 

COMMON   VERBAL   FAULTS. 
WORDS  MISUSED  OR  OVERUSED. 

The  word  "occur,"  meaning  to  appear  or  to  be  present,  is  very 
much  employed  in  geologic  literature,  in  many  relations  with  doubtful 
propiiety,  where  better  words  may  be  substituted.  *^ Occur''  is  a 
useful  word,  but  when  Survey  authors  write  "Trees  occur  on  these 
slopes,"  and  "The  mines  occur  in  Pope  and  Hardin  counties,"  a  critic 
may  properly  wish  that  other  words  had  been  used  in  these  sentences. 

"Data"  (in  many  papers  ^vTongly  qualified  by  "this"  or  "much" 
or  other  term  of  singular  number)  is  also  greatly  overused  by  some 
writers,  appearing  in  places  where  synonyms  can  easily  be  found. 

The  verb  "secure"  is  by  many  used  in  the  sense  of  assure,  insure, 
procure,  obtain,  or  get,  as  well  as  in  its  other  senses,  with  a  range  of 
meaning  far  too  wide  for  scientific  exactness. 

"Inaugurate"  or  "initiate"  is  used  for  "establish"  or  "begin," 
as,  "  Work  was  inaugurated  in  June,"  "The  investigation  was  initiated 
in  1908; "  and  "inauguration  "  is  used  for  "  beginning,"  as  in  the  phrase 
"previous  to  the  inauguration  [before  the  beginning]  of  Cretaceous 
sedimentation." 

"Limited"  and  "restricted"  are  improperly  used  in  the  sense  of 
"slight,"  scant,"  or  "small." 

"Quite"  is  by  some  writers  used  for  "very,"  "somewhat,"  or 
"rather,"  or  is  used  superfluously.  Phrases  like  "quite  large," 
"quite  a  distance,"  "quite  a  few"  should  be  avoided.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  "quite"  be  used  (if  used  at  all)  in  its  primary  sense,  to 
mean  "entirely"  or  "completely,"  as  in  the  phrases  "quite  conclu- 
sive," "not  quite  finished."     If  used  generally  in  this  sense  its  sig- 


'44  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

nificance  in  a  phrase  like  ''white,  plastic  clay  quite  free  from  sand" 
would  be  unmistakable,  whereas,  owing  to  the  uncertain  value  of  the 
word  as  employed  by  many  writers,  the  exact  meaning  of  the  phrase 
quoted  is  doubtful. 

"Important"  is  by  some  writers  greatly  overused.  As  a  rule  it  is 
not  the  most  appropriate  word  unless  it  is  accompanied  by  some 
term  denoting  why  or  how  the  thing  described  is  important,  as 
"commercially  important."  It  should  not  be  used  for  abundant, 
conspicuous,  valuable,  or  any  other  word  of  clearly  defined  meaning. 
Note:  "The  most  important  [best]  route  across  the  region."  "The 
most  important  [abundant]  igneous  rock  in  this  area." 

"Horizon"  is  used  for  "bed"  or  "stratum,"  as  in  the  sentence 
"This  horizon  is  4  feet  thick.  The  term  "horizon"  when  properly 
used  expresses  only  position.  Instead  of  "This  horizon  is  oil  bearing 
in  all  parts  of  the  field"  a  writer  may  better  say,  "Oil  is  found  at  this 
horizon  in  all  parts  of  the  field." 

The  phrase  "in  question"  is  used  by  some  writers  concerning  mat- 
ters that  are  not  at  all  in  question,  as  "The  lake  in  question,"  for 
"The  lake  mentioned"  or  simply  "This  lake." 

The  phrases  "from  the  standpoint  of"  and  "from  the  viewpoint 
of"  are  overused  by  some  writers,  who  employ  them  in  connections 
where  their  propriety  may  be  questioned,  as,  "from  the  standpoint  of 
coal  mining,"  "from  the  viewpoint  of  road  building,"  where  "coal 
mining"  and  "road  building"  are  used  for  "the  coal  miner"  and  "the 
road  builder."  "From  the  point  of  view  of  farming"  means  "from 
the  farmer's  point  of  view" ;  the  farmer,  but  not  farming,  may  occupy 
a  point  of  view.  "Viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  age  these  rocks 
Q^j.Q  *  *  *"  is  a  bad  equivalent  of  "  Considered  as  to  age  *  *  *" 
or,  preferably,  "In  age  these  rocks  are    *     *     *." 

The  phrase  "is  responsible  for"  is  improperly  used  where  no  respon- 
sibility is  involved:  "The  uplift  of  the  Ben  Lomond  block  is  respon- 
sible for  this  escarpment;"  "An  earthquake  was  responsible  for  this 
fault;"  "A  flood  in  the  eighties  was  responsible  for  this  damage." 

Adverbs  or  adverbial  phrases  that  by  a  strict  definition  should  apply 
to  time — such  as  "often"  "sometimes,"  "at  times,"  "always" — are 
by  some  writers  used  instead  of  words  or  phrases  denoting  place.  Ex- 
amples: "Pyrite  is  less  common  than  marcasite,  although  it  does 
occur  at  times,  as,  for  instance,  at  the  H.  P.  mine;"  "This  sandstone 
is  usually  gray  but  sometimes  red  in  color;"  "This  rock  is  some- 
times soft  and  sometimes  well  consolidated."  The  sentence  "These 
crystals  are  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter"  was  intended  to  mean 
"Some  of  these  crystals  are  an  inch  [or  "as  much  as  an  inch"]  in 
diameter."  The  sentence  "These  terraces  are  frequently  covered 
with  gravel"  was  written  to  convey  the  idea  that  certain  terraces  of 
a  group  are  now  covered  with  gravel,  not  that  frequent  floods  cover 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  45 

all  the  terraces  with  gravel;  the  idea  in  the  writer's  mind  can  be 
readily  expressed  by  the  sentence  ''Many  of  these  terraces  are  covered 
with  gravel."  ''These  fissures  often  intersect"  was  written  to  mean 
"Many  of  these  fissures  intersect."  "The  surface  is  now  hilly,  now 
smooth"  might  with  advantage  have  been  "here  hilly,  there  smooth." 
As  some  writers  find  it  difficult  to  avoid  the  use  of  words  expressing 
time  for  words  expressing  place  or  number,  the  subjoined  list  of  sub- 
stitutes may  be  helpful.  It  should  be  understood,  however,  that 
these  substitutes  must  be  used  with  discrimination,  care  being  taken 
to  select  one  that  will  convey  the  meaning. 

Sometimes:  Some  of;  in  some  places  (or  localities);  in  places;  lo- 
cally. 0/^^71  or /r^5'U67i%;  Many  of;  in  many  places;  much  of.  Fre- 
quent: Abundant;  common;  numerous;  many.  Occasionally:  Locally; 
in  places;  here  and  there;  some  of.  Never:  Nowhere;  none  of. 
Always;  Invariably;  everywhere. 

The  words  "cases"  and  "instances"  are  used  for  'places"  or  for 
other  words,  or  are  used  superfluously.  "In  many  cases  these  well 
records  have  been  carelessly  kept"  no  doubt  means  "Many  of  these 
well  records  have  been  carelessly  kept."  In  the  sentence  "This  coal 
has  been  measured  in  several  instances,"  "instances"  is  used  for 
"places."  "Sometimes  these  reservoirs  are  lined  with  clay;  in  other 
cases  they  are  unlined"  is  equal  to  the  simpler  statement  "Some  of 
these  reservoirs  are  lined  with  clay;  others  are  unlined."  "In  cer- 
tain cases  these  sink  holes  have  been  utilized  by  farmers  as  water 
reservoirs"  means  "Some  of  these  sink  holes  *  *  *."  The  fol- 
lowing sentences,  quoted  from  manuscripts  submitted  for  publication, 
contain  undesirable  "instances"  and  "cases:"  "In  some  cases  there 
are  instances  of  faults."  "In  no  instance  was  the  displacement 
greater  than  in  this  case."  "Instances  of  gradation  from  one  phase 
to  the  other  are  not  common  but  do,  in  rare  instances,  occur." 
"Other  cases  of  flowing  wells  are  common."  "Instances  of  similar 
deposits  were  noted  in  several  other  cases."  An  author  who  had 
learned  to  make  clear,  simple,  direct  statements  would  have  written 
instead  of  the  last  sentence,  "Similar  deposits  were  noted  elsewhere," 
or  "Similar  deposits  were  observed  at  other  places." 

A  "proposition"  is  sometliing  proposed.  The  expression  "a  good 
commercial  proposition"  for  a  business  venture  that  is  likely  to  be 
profitable  is  newspaper  slang  (or  "curbstone  English")  that  should 
have  no  place  in  a  scientific  report.  "  The  project  will  probably  pay  " 
is  shorter  and  better  than  "The  project  is  a  good  commercial  propo- 
sition." 

"Former"  and  "latter"  are  convenient  terms  that  are  likely  to  be 
overused.  They  should  not  be  employed  in  a  sentence  that  is  so  long 
and  involved  that  the  reader  will  have  to  look  back  to  find  what  the 
words  mean.     As  a  general  rule  it  is  better  to  repeat  the  words  to 


46  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

which  they  refer.  Of  course  '^ former"  and  ^ Matter"  can  not  be  used 
if  there  are  more  than  two  antecedents.  By  some  writers  these 
words  are  used  unreasonably,  as  in  the  sentences  ^'Tliis  lake,  as  well 
as  Snowy  Creek,  drains  into  the  Youghiogheny,  the  latter  carrying 
^  [which  carries]  more  or  less  drainage  from  adjacent  farms";  ^'The 
quartz  veins  lie  near  bodies  of  muscovite-biotite  granite,  the  latter 
being  [which  is]  probably  the  latest  rock  in  the  region."  ^'Oneof 
the  purposes  of  the  reconnaissance  was  to  examine  certain  prospects 
containing  ores  of  uranium  and  vanadium,  and  it  is  to  the  latter  [these 
ores]  that  this  report  is  confined."  (The  context  shows  that  the 
phrase  ''tlie  latter"  means  the  ores  of  both  uranium  and  vanadium.) 

^' While"  is  too  much  employed  by  many  writers,  being  used  for 
"although,"  "whereas,"  "but,"  or  "and,"  as  well  as  in  its  primary 
time  sense.  Where  it  is  a  simple  connective,  carrying  no  idea  of  con- 
trast or  concession,  it  can  advantageously  be  replaced  by  "and"  or 
a  semicolon.  Instead  of  "The  strike  is  N.  40°  E.  while  the  dip  is 
10°  NW.,"  write  "The  strike  is  N.  40°  E.;  the  dip  is  10°  NW." 

"In  the  vicinity  of"  or  "in  the  neighborhood  of"  are  unnecessarily 
used  for  "about"  or  "nearly,"  as  in  the  following  sentences:  "The 
cost  of  production  is  in  the  vicinity  of  50  per  cent  of  the  selling 
price";  "Its  population  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  1,500." 

"Following"  is  undesirably  used  for  "after,"  as  in  the  sentences 
"Following  this  there  was  a  second  period  of  uplift";  "Following  the 
completion  of  this  work  nothing  further  was  done." 

WORDS  AND  PHRASES  TO  BE  DISCRIMINATED. 

Terms  of  compass  direction — as  "west,"  "western,"  "westerly," 
"westward,"  "westwardly" — are  by  many  writers  used  indiscrimi- 
nately. "Five  miles  westerly  from  this  place"  is  not  so  good  as  the 
famihar  form  "Five  miles  west  of  this  place."  The  adverb  "west- 
ward" means  toward  the  west,  or  in  a  general  westerly  direction,  the 
suflSx  "ward"  having  here  its  usual  value,  as  in  "homeward,"  "sea- 
ward," "skyward."  In  the  clauses  "This  extends  for  an  indefinite 
distance  westerly"  and  "The  stream  here  turns  westerly"  the  word 
"westerly"  may  better  be  "westward."  In  Uke  phrases  some 
writers  use  undesirably  not  only  "westerly"  but  "westwardly"  and 
"to  the  westward,"  and  even  "toward  the  westward."  On  the 
other  hand,  in  such  sentences  as  "Clay  is  abundant  in  this  formation 
at  Newton  and  westward"  and  "The  dip  diminishes  westward,"  the 
adverb  should  be  replaced  by  "farther  west"  or  "to  the  west." 

A  similar  variety  of  form  is  seen  in  phrases  Uke  "the  southeast 
[or  southeastern]  corner  of  the  quadrangle."  Either  of  the  terms 
here  given  may  be  admissible,  but  it  is  desirable  that  throughout  a 
single  paper  such  words  should  be  used  uniformly  or  consistently,  or 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  47 

according  to  some  principle  or  method.  Indefinite  or  general  terms 
of  broad  application  may  perhaps  end  in  ''ern/'  as,  ''in  the  western 
part  of  the  State";  terms  of  definite  designation  need  not,  as,  ''on  the 
south  bank  of  the  stream,"  "in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  quad- 
rangle." 

In  some  manuscripts  the  terminations  "ic"  and  "ical"  are  used 
indiscriminately,  as  "topographic,  topographical";  "geologic,  geo- 
logical"; " petrographic,  petrographical";  " paleontologic,  paleonto. 
logical."  Uniformity  is  desirable  in  a  single  paper,  and  the  prevailing 
tendency  is  toward  the  use  of  the  shorter  form. 

By  some  writers  "watershed"  is  used  in  the  sense  of  ^Mrainage 
basin,"  but  as  "watershed"  primarily  means  the  divide  separating 
one  drainage  basin  from  another  and  is  generally  used  with  that 
meaning,  the  use  of  this  word  in  two  senses  results  in  uncertainty  and 
confusion.  It  is  therefore  suggested  that  "w^atershed"  be  used  for 
the  divide  and  "drainage  basin"  for  the  area  drained.  The  use  of 
"drainage"  for  "drainage  basin"  should  be  avoided. 

"Apparently"  is  by  some  writers  used  for  both  "seemingly"  and 
"obviously,"  words  of  opposite  or  widely  different  meaning. 

"Since,"  generally  understood  as  referring  to  time,  is  by  some 
writers  used  where  "as"  would  be  preferable:  '^ Since  [As]  the  con- 
ditions since  they  were  laid  down."  "Since"  and  "ago"  should  also 
be  discriminated:  "Since  the  ice  uncovered  the  nunatak,  not  many 
decades  since  [ago]." 

"Between"  and  "among,"  "each  other"  and  "one  another," 
"beside"  and  "besides,"  "balance"  and  "remainder,"  "economic" 
and  "economical"  may  be  wisely  discriminated. 

The  adjective  "due"  may  be  misused  for  the  participle  "owing" 
and  "owing"  may  be  misused  for  "due,"  as  in  the  sentences  "The 
Whittier  School  was  injured  by  the  earthquake,  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  building  stood  on  made  ground";  "The  injury  was  owing  to  the 
earthquake." 

"Admit"  but  not  "permit"  may  properly  be  followed  by  "of." 

"Something"  is  used  for  "somewhat,"  as  in  "something  more  than 
5  miles";  "similar"  is  used  for  "the  same,"  as  in  the  phrases  "a 
similar  distance,"  "a  similar  height,"  and  "the  same"  for  "similar," 
a^  in  the  sentences  "The  same  rocks  form  the  foot  wall  of  the  Jumbo 
vein,  a  thousand  feet  to  the  east";  "The  same  gravels  are  seen  at 
Norwood,  2  nfiles  farther  south";  "vary"  is  used  for  "differ,"  as, 
"The  wells  vary  in  depth";  "various"  is  persistently  misused  for 
"numerous,"  "many,"  or  "several";  "evidenced"  (a  word  to  be 
avoided)  is  used  for  "evinced,"  "shown,"  "indicated,"  or  "proved." 

Distinction  may  be  made  between  the  prepositions  "in"  and 
"mto"  in  phrases  hke  "comes  into  contact"  and  "lies  in  contact." 
No  clear  distinction  can  be  made  between  "on"  and  "upon";  the 


48  SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 

tendency  is  toward  the  use  of  the  shorter  form.  ''By''  and  ''with" 
in  phrases  hke  ''was  covered  by  ice"  (agency),  "is  covered  \vith  ice" 
(condition),  may  perhaps  be  discriminated,  but  no  general  rule  can 
be  formulated  for  the  use  of  those  prepositions.  "With"  is  much 
jnisused,  especially  for  "and."  Examples  of  its  misuse  are  seen  in 
the  sentences  "At  San  Marcial  the  average  rainfall  is  4.84  inches, 
with  a  [and  the]  minimum  of  [is]  1.17  inches";  "The  vein  has  a 
northeast  strike  with  [and]  a  vertical  dip." 

"Over"  is  used  in  many  phrases  where  "more  than"  would  be 
preferable,  as  it  obviously  would  be  in  the  sentence  "This  coal  is 
under  the  Lee  conglomerate  and  over  4  feet  thick." 

SUPERFLUOUS  WORDS. 

The  word  "found"  intrudes  without  reason  in  phrases  hke  "These 
rocks  are  found  exposed  at  many  places"  and  "The  principal  lakes 
found  in  this  region."  In  the  sentence  "These  lands  are  Icnovm  to 
contain  valuable  deposits"  the  words  in  italic  may  be  easily  spared. 
"Known  to  be,"  "found  to  be,"  and  "seen  to  be"  are  generally 
superfluous,  as  in  the  sentences  "The  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  Icnovm 
to  he  jointed  in  places";  "In  this  region  the  deposits  are  found  to  he 
more  arenaceous."  On  the  other  hand,  these  phrases  may  be 
improperly  omitted  where  they  are  required  to  complete  the  sense 
of  a  statement,  as,  "Under  the  microscope  the  grains  of  sand  are 
[seen  to  be]  completely  coated  with  iron." 

After  phrases  following  "for  instance,"  "for  example,"  "such  as," 
and  hke  expressions  "etc."  is  not  only  superfluous  but  improper,  as 
in  the  sentences  "Deposits  of  this  type  occur  in  several  mines — for 
example,  the  Telegraph,  Commercial,  [and]  Old  Jordan,  etc.'';  "The 
solution  contained  minerahzers,  such  as  fluorine,  [and]  boron,  etc.'^ 

Superfluous  and  improper  words  are  itahcized  below: 

"A  series  of  parallel  ridges  resembhng  in  their  form  *  *  *." 
"Throughout  the  entire  area."  "The  problem  is  a  difficult  one.'^ 
"This  field  is  located  3  miles  north  of  Bristol."  "They  are  hoth 
alike."  "There  can  be  no  doubt  hut  that  it  is  Cretaceous."  "The 
steamer  brings  mail  and  freight  to  the  different  towns  in  the  region." 
"The  Survey  has  not  as  yet  done  any  work  in  this  region."  (This 
"as"  is  a  persistent  intruder.) 

SOME  TYPICAL  ERRORS. 

The  following  literal  quotations  from  manuscripts  submitted  to  the 
Survey  for  publication  contain  some  typical  errors  and  afford  exam- 
ples of  thoughtless  and  careless  writing: 

"These  two  deposits  probably  succeeded  each  other  only  after  a 
lapse  of  time." 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  49 

''The  thickness  of  the  residual  soil  varies  considerably,  and  it  is 
at  some  times  of  no  thickness  whatever." 

'The  coast  line  is,  with  few  exceptions,  rocky  and  drops  deep 
into  the  water  close  to  the  shore." 

"Numerous  large  bowlders  are  abundant." 

"As  one  goes  south  the  land  slopes  downward." 

"This  coal  bed  is  divided  by  0  to  2  inches  of  bone." 

"Observations  covering  some  time  were  made." 

" Coarse-bladed  masses  up  to  a  fist  in  size." 

"This  exposure  occurs  shortly  below  Eureka." 

"This  is  the  only  town  of  any  size  in  the  area." 

"A  short  creek  about  a  mile  long." 

"The  project  will  cost  upwards  o/[more  than]  a  million  dollars." 

"Just  west  of  the  map."     (For  "Just  west  of  the  area  mapped.") 

"The  great  majority  of  the  rock."     (For  "Most  of  the  rock.") 

"With  few  exceptions  this  township  is  well  wooded."  (For  "Ex- 
cept in  a  few  places  this  township  is  well  wooded.") 

"^  large  per  cent  [A  large  proportion,  or  Most]  of  these  pebbles  are 
well  rounded." 

"About  200  feet  long  and  3  feet  in  widths  [3  feet  wide;  to  agree 
with  "long."] 

"The  slopes  of  the  western  part  of  the  Rio  Grande  region  are  much 
more  varied  than  they  are  [those  that  lie]  east  of  the  river." 

"The  rocks  have  been  subjected  to  such  [so  much]  metamorphism." 
"This  was  the  source  of  such  [so  much]  trouble."  "The  deposit  is 
of  such  hardness  [so  hard]." 

"A  deposit  of  this  type  is  described  by  Fenneman  from  Boulder 
County."  (For  "A  deposit  of  this  type  in  Boulder  County  is  de- 
scribed by  Fenneman.")  "This  plain  connects  with  that  described 
in  the  Driftless  Area."  "A  marked  faceting  similar  to  that  de- 
scribed on  the  pebbles  of  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod."  "Roots  in 
situ  are  described  10  feet  below  sea  level."  Note  also  "Pyrite  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  Erebus  mine,"  a  statement  that  might  appropriately 
be  headed  "Keeping  it  dark." 

"This  island  is  rather  low  as  to  its  shores"  recalls  to  mind  an  old 
illustration  of  bad  expression :  "  He  was  turned  up  as  to  his  trousers." 

GRAMMATICAL   AND   RHETORICAL   ERRORS. 

Few  writers,  fortunately,  need  to  be  cautioned  against  making 
statements  like  "Lake  Superior  is  the  largest  of  any  lake  in  the 
United  States,"  or  "The  timber  in  this  area  is  the  least  marketable  of 
any  in  the  region,"  but  as  these  sentences  are  quoted  from  manu- 
scripts of  Survey  reports  they  show  that  errors  of  an  elementary 
nature  may  be  committed  by  some  authors. 
93135°— 13 i 


50  SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 

The  *^ hanging  participle,"  another  elementary  error,  a  violation  of 
the  rule  of  grammar  that  a  sentence  beginning  with  a  participle  should 
include  the  substantive  to  which  the  participle  relates,  is  common 
enough  to  justify  the  citation  of  a  few  bad  examples:  *^ Recognized  as 
a  bureau  of  information,  the  services  of  two  men  are  required  to 
answer  questions  relating  to  topography  alone."  ** Going  westward 
the  dip  becomes  steeper."  "Looking  closer  chatter  marks  were  seen." 
"Examined  carefully  no  fossils  were  observed."  "Hurr3dng  coast- 
ward  the  goal  was  soon  reached."  "Approaching  the  vein  through 
the  tunnel  the  serpentine  is  seen  to  be  decayed."  The  same  fault  is 
seen  in  the  following  sentences:  "Not  satisfied  with  this  result,  the 
well  was  drilled  deeper."  "When  fully  explored  other  workable  coal 
beds  may  be  found  here." 

The  phrase  "and  [or  but]  which  [or  who  or  whose]"  requires  a  pre- 
ceding relative  to  justify  the  "and."  If  none  can  be  supplied  the 
connective  should  be  omitted  and  the  sentence  may  need  to  be  rear- 
ranged. In  the  sentence  "This  formation,  a  thick  mass  of  shaly 
sandstone,  and  which  preserves  its  character  throughout  the  area" 
the  "and"  is  redundant  and  improper  and  should  be  omitted,  or  the 
sentence  might  be  written  "  This  formation,  which  is  a  *  *  *  and 
which    *     *    *." 

The  "split  infinitive"  should  be  avoided  unless  its  avoidance 
involves  the  use  of  awkward  or  unusual  forms  of  expression.  "Split- 
ting" may  exceptionally  be  required  for  clearness  or  for  emphasis. 
Unnecessary  and  undesirable  *  'splitting  "  is  illustrated  in  the  sentences 
"The  intention  was  to  completely  explore  the  region,"  ''The  miners 
intend  to  fully  test  this  ground,"  "It  was  impossible  to  more  rapidly 
perform  this  work"  [to  perform  this  work  more  rapidly]. 

Adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases  are  by  some  writers  commonly  mis- 
.placed,  especially  the  adverb  "only,"  which  should  be  placed  as  near 
to  the  word  it  qualifies  as  the  proper  construction  of  the  sentence  will 
permit.  The  sentence  "Their  presence  can  only  be  determined  by 
actual  tests"  contains  a  misplaced  "only."  Phrases  beginning  with 
prepositions  also  become  misplaced,  as,  "Under  such  conditions  it 
is  easy  to  see  that  the  commercial  development  of  these  depos- 
its *  *  *."  "In  1909  it  is  probable  that  this  region  may  be 
reached  by  railway." 

Verbs  that  should  be  auxiliaries  are  by  some  writers  used  as  prin- 
cipal verbs,  as,  "The  copper  produced  in  Montana  is  [derived]  almost 
entirely  from  the  mines  of  Butte."  These  explorations  were  [made] 
for  military  purposes."  "This  work  was  [done]  for  the  State  Survey." 
Note  also,  "The  work  done  was  under  the  supervision  of  Thomas 
Brown"  for  "The  work  was  done  under    *     *     *." 

The  use  of  "are"  with  a  singular  predicate  and  of  "is"  with  a 
plural  predicate  is  awkward:  "The  stony  matter  is  largely  angular 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS.  51 

blocks  of  limestone."  Better:  ''The  stony  matter  is  made  up  largely 
of  angular  blocks  of  limestone." 

The  reflexive  pronoun  ''myseK"  should  not  be  used  for  "I"  or 
*'me:"  ''Long,  Williams,  and  myself  held  a  consultation";  *'The 
place  was  named  by  myself." 

The  following  sentences  show  undesirable  transition  from  active 
to  passive  verbs:  "These  creeks  flow  through  broad  valleys  until 
[they  reach]  the  brink  of  the  Clealum  Valley  is  reached.'^  "Water 
absorbed  at  the  surface  percolates  downward  until  [it  reaches]  the 
zone  of  saturation  is  r cached. ^^ 

"The  coal  ranges  in  thickness  from  0  to  6  feet"  and  similar  phrases 
appear  in  some  papers.  Careful  writers  avoid  such  expressions.  The 
sentence  quoted  may  be  rewritten:  "The  coal  ranges  from  a  feather 
edge  [or  "a  knife-edge,"  or,  better,  perhaps,  "a  thin  film"]  to  a  bed 
6  feet  thick." 

The  repetition  of  some  particular  word  in  a  sentence  may  be  unde- 
sirable, but  the  attempt  to  avoid  this  well-known  fault  should  not 
lead  to  the  substitution  of  a  synonym  in  a  place  where  the  word 
first  used  should  be  repeated,  as  in  the  sentence  "Its  scientific  part 
forms  the  basis  of  its  economic  portion." 

There  is  no  generally  accepted  difference  in  meaning  between 
"partly"  and  "partially"  in  the  sense  of  "in  part,"  but  as  "par- 
tially" has  also  the  meaning  "with  partiality,"  the  shorter  form 
may  be  preferred. 

The  formation  of  plural  nouns  from  adjectives,  as  "sedimentaries," 
"crystallines,"  "Paleozoics,"  "volcanics,"  "pyroclastics,"  "allu- 
vials,"  is  undesirable. 

"Not  so  large  a  deposit"  is  better  than  "not  such  a  large  deposit." 
"Excepting"  is,  as  a  rule,  not  so  good  as  the  shorter  word  "except." 
Parenthetical  phrases  should  be  made  as  brief  as  possible. 

The  use  of  two  prepositions  together  is  awkward  and  as  a  rule 
unnecessary.  The  expression  "a  thickness  of  2  to  4  feet"  is  dis- 
placing "a  thickness  of  from  2  to  4  feet."  Prepositions  are  doubled 
badly  in  the  following  sentences:  "Each  of  the  veins  has  been  drifted 
on  for  from  50  to  70  feet."  "This  well  was  brought  in  in  1901." 
"This  is  equivalent  to  coal  at  at  least  $18  a  ton." 

The  use  of  a  verb  plus  a  preposition  to  express  an  idea  that  may 
be  conveyed  by  some  other  verb  alone  may  lead  to  the  undesirable 
doubling  of  prepositions:  "Tliis  can  be  dispensed  with  with  advan- 
tage" ["can  be  spared  with  advantage"].  "The  conditions  met 
with  in  the  field"  ["prevaihng,"  "seen,"  or  "observed"].  "A 
large  production  is  not  to  be  looked  for  from  these  gravels"  ["ex- 
pected"].    "Placer  mining  has  been  carried  on  on  this  stream." 


52  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

It  is  better  not  to  **  carry  along"  a  singular  verb  to  a  second  subject 
in  the  plural  nor  a  plural  verb  to  a  second  subject  in  the  singular: 
"The  region  was  uplifted  and  the  streams  [were]  rejuvenated." 

The  distinction  between  the  pronouns  "which"  and  "that"  should 
be  borne  in  mind,  though  critics  may  differ  as  to  its  importance. 
"That"  is  the  "restrictive"  pronoun,  to  be  used  where  the  clause 
that  it  introduces  is  necessary  to  complete  the  meaning  of  its  ante- 
cedent; "wliich"  introduces  some  added  or  incidental  information, 
which  is  not  needed  to  complete  the  sense.  This  distinction  is 
illustrated  in  the  foregoing  sentence.  Rigid  adherence,  however,  to 
this  distinction  need  not  be  required.  "Which"  may  be  substituted 
for  "  that"  without  impropriety,  though  "  that"  can  not  take  the  place 
of  tlie  relative  "which."  As  a  rule  the  use  of  "that"  in  restrictive 
clauses  makes  the  meaning  clearer. 

"Whose"  may  be  used  for  things  as  well  as  persons,  as,  "The  only 
State  whose  production  exceeded    *    *    *." 

"Here  20  feet  of  sandstone  is  exposed"  or  "20  feet  of  sandstone 
are  exposed"  may  both  be  defended,  perhaps,  but  the  singular  form 
is  generally  used. 

Care  should  be  taken  in  the  use  of  "it";  there  should  be  no  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  noun  to  which  it  refers,  and  the  use  of  this  word  in 
two  senses  in  the  same  sentence  should  be  avoided.  Some  bad  exam- 
ples follow : 

"Owing  to  the  lapse  of  time  between  the  storm  and  the  collecting 
of  the  information  it  is  incomplete."  "The  water  found  here,  com- 
ing through  the  gravel  beds,  is  cool,  clear,  and  delicious,  and  the 
natural  drainage  renders  it  a  most  desirable  place  of  residence." 
The  inventor  of  a  new  feeding  bottle  for  infants  sent  out  the  fol- 
lowing among  his  directions  for  using:  "When  the  baby  is  done 
drinking  it  must  be  unscrewed  and  laid  in  a  cool  place  under  the 
hydrant.  If  the  baby  does  not  thrive  on  fresh  milk  it  should  be 
boHed." 

BAD  HABITS  OF  EXPRESSION. 

Many  of  the  faults  here  critically  noted  are  due  to  negligence  or 
inadvertence,  but  some  writers  have  unconsciously  fallen  into  the 
habit  of  using,  in  almost  any  possible  place  or  contingency,  a  partic- 
ular word  or  plirase  or  a  set  of  favorite  words  or  plirases,  some  of 
which  have  no  clearly  defined  meaning  and  may  either  be  superfluous 
or  usurp  the  places  of  better  terms.  Some  of  these  overused  and 
superfluous  words  and  phrases  have  already  been  noted  here,  particu- 
larly "cases"  and  "instances."  (See  p.  45.)  The  author  who 
writes  that  "Specimens  in  some  cases  show  veins  of  calcite "does not 
intend  to  refer  to  specimens  in  cases;  he  means  simply  "Some  speci- 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 


53 


mens/*  which  should  be  denoted  clearly  by  two  words  instead  of 
doubtfully  by  four.  The  italicized  words  in  the  following  sentences 
are  superfluous  or  should  be  replaced  by  the  words  in  brackets : 

''In  case  of  any  of  these  contingencies." 

''The  enrichment  observed  in  the  case  of  the  copper  veins." 

"  In  most  of  these  cases  it  has  heen  found  that  the  coal  beds  have 
certain  pecuUarities  by  which  they  may  be  recognized." 

"In  Missouri  a  number  of  cases  occur  where  coal  beds  have  a  thick- 
ness of  100  feet." 

"  In  the  case  of  the  solutions  affecting  the  monzonite  they  were  evi- 
dently rich  in  potash." 

"A  small  amount  of  calcite  is  in  rare  cases  [a  few  places]  associated 
with  the  quartz." 

"  In  most  cases  metamorpliism  is  [usually]  accompanied  by  chem- 
ical changes." 

"/n  the  great  majority  [Most]  of  the  determinable  cases  the  feld- 
spars proved  to  be  nearly  pure  albite." 

"The  classification  was  not  suflBcient  in  all  cases  to  determine  the 
status  of  [aU]  the  lands." 

"In  other  cases  [places],  as  in  the  Sliaron  field  of  Oliio." 

"The  lowlands  in  some  cases  [places]  contain  lakes,  the  most  con- 
spicuous instances  being  Crj^stal,  Glen,  and  Portage  lakes." 

The  first  of  the  two  columns  below  shows  sentences  containing 
these  vague  or  superfluous  "cases"  or  "instances";  the  second  col- 
lunn  gives  interpretations  in  plainer  English. 


The  fragments  in  a  large  number  of 
cases  show  clear  signs  of  glaciation. 

In  some  instances  a  connection  is  main- 
tained with  the  ocean  by  narrow  channels. 

The  requirement  of  a  discovery  of  min- 
eral as  a  prerequisite  to  location  is  one 
that  works  undue  hardship  in  the  case  of 
deep-seated  deposits. 

As  in  the  case  of  oil  lands,  phosphate 
lands  are  withdrawn — 

In  the  case  of  Indian  lands  that  are  to 
be  thrown  open  to  settlement  it  is  desir- 
able to  know  beforehand  what  parts 
of  the  lands  contain  valuable  mineral 
deposits. 

Grants  of  public  land  have  in  most 
cases  been  made  through  the  States.  In 
eight  cases,  however,  grants  have  been 
made  directly  to  corporations. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  cases  illus- 
trated an  instance  of  what  appeared  to  be 
a  puzzling  case  of  vertical  bedding. 


Many  of  the  fragments  show  clear  signs 
of  glaciation. 

Some  of  the  bays  are  still  connected 
with  the  ocean  by  narrow  channels. 

The  requirement  that  mineral  shall  be 
discovered  as  a  prerequisite  to  location 
works  undue  hardship  to  those  who  are 
exploiting  deep-seated  deposits. 

Phosphate  lands,  like  oil  lands,  are 
withdrawn — 

Before  Indian  lands  arc  tlirown  open  to 
settlement  it  is  desirable  to  know  what 
parts  of  them  contain  valuable  mineral 
deposits. 

Most  grants  of  public  land  have  been 
made  through  the  States.  Eight  grants, 
however,  have  been  made  directly  to  cor- 
porations. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  featm-es  of 
the  deposit  was  what  appeared  to  be  a 
puzzling  example  of  vertical  bedding. 


64  SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS. 

"From  the  standpoint  of"  (see  p.  44)  and  "on  the  basis  of"  also 
become  habitual  phrases,  displacing  better  terms.  "The  value  of  the 
land  from  an  agricultural  standpoint"  means  simply  "The  value  of 
the  land  for  agriculture,"  or  "  The  agricultural  value  of  the  land."  In 
th^  sentence  "The  conclusions  stated  appear  to  be  warranted  on  the 
basis  of  the  data  presented"  the  word  "by"  may  be  used  in  preference 
to  "on  the  basis  of."  The  italicized  words  below  may  with  advan- 
tage be  replaced  by  the  words  in  brackets: 

^^  The  rocks  on  the  basis  of  [If  classified  by]  size  of  grain  [the  rocks] 
may  be  divided  into  sandstones  and  conglomerates." 

"  If  the  laws  applicable  to  metaUiferous  lands  were  modified  in  three 
features  they  would  be  reasonably  satisfactory  from  the  standpoint  of 
[to]  the  miner  and  of  [to]  the  pubhc." 

"The  external  factors,  such  as  railroad  transportation  and  markets, 
may  determine  absolutely /rom  the  commercial  standpoint  the  [com- 
mercial] workabihty  of  tlie  coal." 

A  rock-cut  trail,  picturesque  in  the  extreme /rom  the  standpoint  of 
[in  its]  ruggedness  and  [in  the]  precipitous  gorges  and  rocky  slopes  [it 
discloses]. 

Note  also  "  From  a  genetic  point  of  view  [The  genesis  of]  the  coralline 
limestones  have  [has]  been  more  carefully  studied." 

"Character,"  "conditions,"  "purposes,"  and  hke  words  are  by  some 
writers  habitually  intruded  without  reason  into  sentences  in  which 
they  are  superfluous  or  ridiculous,  or  both.  The  itaUcized  words  in 
the  sentences  below  may  easily  be  spared  or  may  be  replaced  by  the 
words  in  brackets. 

"The  surface  is  of  a  very  uneven  character. 

"With  proper  drainage  conditions  the  land  could  be  made  suitable 
for  farming  purposes.'^ 

"  The  deeper  deposits  have  formed  under  conditions  of  high  tempera- 
ture and  pressure." 

"The  flow  of  the  stream  was  obstructed  by  ice  conditions,^* 

"Most  of  this  petroleum  is  used  for  fuel  purposes. " 

"  Under  [In]  base-leveled  conditions  [regions]  underground  circula- 
tion is  sluggish. " 

"The  river  here  loses  its  split-up  cTiaracter  and  [is  not  split  up  but] 
flows  in  a  single  channel. " 

"  Cypress  trees  growing  in  marshy  conditions  [lands]." 

"/^  is  believed  that  the  [gold  in  the]  older  auriferous  quartz  veins 
wiU  have  their  val^uable  constituent  in  a  [is  probably]  free-milUng  condi- 
tion." 

The  sentence  "The  ore  is  not  very  valuable  on  account  of  its  highly 
siliceous  character"  may  with  advantage  be  rewritten  "The  ore  is 
not  very  valuable,  for  it  is  highly  sUiceous,"  or  "The  ore  is  highly 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS.  65 

siliceous  and  is  therefore  not  very  valuable. "  '^  Tuffs  of  an  andes- 
itic  character"  probably  means  ''andesitic  tuffs,"  ''public  roads  of 
fairly  good  character"  no  doubt  means  "fairly  good  public  roads," 
and  ''stone  suitable  for  building  pui*poses "  signifies  "building  stone." 

Two  sentences  quoted  on  page  51  to  show  unnecessary  and  unde- 
sirable change  of  subject  nominative,  with  transition  from  the  active 
to  the  passive  form,  represent  what  may  be  called  a  persistent  or 
fixed  habit  with  some  writers.  One  corrected  sentence  there  given  is 
"Water  absorbed  at  the  surface  percolates  downward  until  [it  reaches] 
the  zone  of  saturation  is  reached. "  The  change  of  subject  and  the 
introduction  of  the  new  verb  in  this  and  like  sentences  not  only  breaks 
the  continuity  of  the  reader's  thought  but  weakens  the  sentences  by 
putting  wrong  words  in  the  place  of  emphasis.  A  few  other  bad  exam- 
ples are  given  below,  with  corrections. 

"These  vugs  carry  no  gold  and  [do  not  affect]  the  tenor  of  the  vein 
has  not  been  affected  hy  them.^'  "The  workings  were  closed  and 
examination  of  them  could  not  be  made  [examined]."  "The  rocks  show 
both  bedding  and  cleavage  but  the  amount  of  [not  much]  metamor- 
phism  has  not  gone  far. ^'  "The  deposits  are  composed  of  fairly  well 
stratified  rocks  but  [contain  many]  large,  irregular  bowlders  are 
numerous. ^^  "Perhaps  several  lobes  here  coalesced  and  [formed]  a 
continuous  glacier  was  formed. ^^  "The  main  vein  hero  splits  an^Z 
[giving  off]  a  spur  vein  is  given  q^." 

The  suggestions  already  made  concerning  the  unnecessary  multi- 
plication of  prepositions  (p.  51)  may  be  supplemented  by  a  cau- 
tion as  to  the  repetition  of  the  word  "of"  in  a  phrase  like  "An  esti- 
mate of  the  cost  of  the  operation  of  [operating]  the  filter. "  In  most 
such  phrases  a  noun  ending  in  "tion"  and  the  "of"  following  it 
should  bo  replaced  by  a  participle  ending  in  "ing. "  Many  phrases 
in  which  "of"  is  repeated  can  be  rewritten  with  advantage.  "Fol- 
lowing the  discovery  of  the  character  of  this  deposit"  means  "After 
the  character  of  this  deposit  was  discovered. " 

The  habit  of  starting  a  sentence  with  phrases  like  "There  is," 
"There  are, "  and  "It  is"  may  not  only  multiply  words  but  may  have 
the  effect  of  putting  in  an  inferior  place  a  subject  nominative  that 
should  preferably  stand  at  or  near  the  beginning  of  the  sentence*. 
Superfluous  words  in  the  sentences  below  are  italicized. 

"  There  are  many  sulphide  deposits  in  low  latitudes  that  do  not  show 
enrichment. " 

''Itis  quite  certain  thai  material  of  this  kind  is  plentiful  in  the  re- 
gion." 

^' There  are  [In]  some  places  where  the  lignite  beds  are  exposed." 

^' There  are  many  other  problems  arising  in  this  connection  that  are 
now  only  in  the  transitional  stage  [process]  of  their  solution. " 

"There  has  been  some  faulting  [occurred]  subsequent  to  the  depo- 
sition of  the  ore. " 


56  SUGGESTIONS  TO   AUTHORS. 

^'  It  is  believed  that  these  vugs  probably  represent  openings  which 
were  formed  by  recent  faulting. " 

"  Itis  the  helief  of  the  miners  [believe]  that  the  ground  now  worked 
may  be  a  slide." 

^^  There  is  a  probability  that  some  of  the  veins  may  have  had  their 
gold  content  increased  by  enrichment."  Better:  ''The  gold  content 
of  some  of  the  veins  may  have  been  increased  by  enrichment. "  (See 
comments  on  next  bad  example  cited.) 

''There  is  some  stibnite  in  the  ore"  is  not  so  good  as  "The  ore  con- 
tains some  stibnite" ;  the  second  sentence  is  not  only  briefer  than  the 
first  but  more  normal  and  more  forcible;  it  begins  with  a  concrete 
term,  the  proper  subject,  "The  ore,"  and  it  ends  with  the  term  that 
should  stand  at  the  end  of  the  sentence,  in  the  place  of  superior 
emphasis. 

"There  is  little  direct  evidence  from  outcrops  of  the  faulting"  was 
written  to  mean  "The  outcrops  afford  little  direct  evidence  of  the 
faulting."  "There  is  also  a  difference  in  the  grade  of  the  valleys" 
was  replaced  with  advantage  by  "The  valleys  differ  also  in  grade," 
for  the  context  showed  that  "grade"  was  the  term  to  be  emphasized. 

The  phrases  "There  are,"  "There  were,"  "There  have  been,"  "It 
is,"  "It  was,"  "It  has  been,"  and  like  phrases  may,  of  course,  prop- 
erly and  preferably  begin  many  sentences,  but  not  sentences  of  the 
kind  just  cited.  Three  important  requisites  in  the  construction  of  a 
good  sentence  are  (1)  the  choice  of  the  best  or  of  a  proper  subject 
nominative,  (2)  the  determination  of  its  place,  and  (3)  the  selection  of 
a  proper  or  effective  closing  phrase  or  word.  Order  of  statement  or 
of  arrangement  is  of  primary  importance,  and  related  words  and 
phrases  should  be  kept  together.  Brevity  is,  of  course,  always  desir- 
able, but  brevity  should  not  be  gained  at  the  expense  of  clearness  or 
correctness. 

FOREIGN   WORDS   AND   PHRASES. 

Foreign  words  and  phrases  are  by  many  writers  unnecessarily  used 
where  suitable  EngUsli  words  can  be  employed.  Among  these  words 
and  plu-ases  are  videhcet  (viz),  id  est  (i.  e.),  exempU  gratia  (e.  g.), 
r61e,  debouchure,  in  situ,  brochure,  en  Echelon.  The  following  sen- 
tences can  be  rewritten  entirely  in  English  without  disadvantage: 
"These  oxides  were  carried  away  in  toto";  "Chalcocite  enrichment 
is  practically  nil."  Even  the  often  meaningless  "etc."  can  gener- 
ally be  replaced  by  significant  EngHsh,  as  in  "The  gangue  consists 
of  quartz,  etc.  [and  other  minerals]." 


DIRECTIONS  TO  TYPEWRITER  OPERATORS. 


Typewriter  operators  who  are  preparing  matter  that  is  to  be 
printed  should  familiarize  themselves  with  such  parts  of  this  pamphlet 
as  are  pertinent  to  their  work.  Especial  attention  should  be  given 
to  the  sections  headed  ''The  best  printer's  copy,"  *' Table  of  contents 
and  list  of  illustrations,"  ''Tables,"  "Geographic  names,"  "Hyphens 
in  petrographic  terms,"  "Quotations  and  references,"  "Footnotes," 
and  "Typographic  style."  They  should  also  examine  recent  Survey 
publications,  noting  the  style  of  contents,  footnotes,  and  other  details, 
and  conforming  their  writing  to  that  style.  A  few  additional  hints 
and  some  repeated  directions  are  given  below. 

Use  ordinary  letter  paper  (about  8  by  lOJ  inches),  not  foolscap,  and 
leave  a  margin  of  at  least  an  inch  at  the  top  of  the  page,  an  inch  at 
the  left,  and  at  least  half  an  inch  at  the  bottom.  The  printers  ])refer 
that  every  page  begin  with  a  paragraph ;  therefore  do  not  start  a  para- 
graph near  the  bottom  of  a  page.  Every  ])age  should  be  numbered. 
Temporary  i)age  numbers  should  be  at  the  bottom. 

The  title  of  the  report  should  appear  not  only  on  the  title-page,  but 
at  the  top  of  the  first  page  of  text,  with  the  author's  name  below 
it,  the  name  to  be  written  between  dashes,  one  above  and  one  below, 
as  shown  on  the  first  text  i)age  of  all  Survey  publications.  The  title- 
page,  of  which  two  identical  copies  should  be  made  (one  to  be  used  as 
printer's  "copy"  for  the  cover),  should  contain  only  the  title  of  the 
report  and  the  author's  name,  written  within  a  vertical  space  of 
about  3  inches,  at  the  center  of  the  page. 

In  the  table  of  contents,  which  should  be  headed  "Contents,"  write 
main  heads  "flush" — that  is,  start  them  at  the  left  margin  of  the 
writing;  indent  the  others  5,  10,  15,  or  20  spaces,  according  to  their 
relations.  Capitalize  in  the  table  of  contents  only  such  words  as 
should  be  capitalized  in  the  text.  Use  leaders  to  page  numbers  (see 
p.  8),  which  should  be  given,  the  pages  being  those  on  which  the 
headings  appear  in  the  manuscript.  If  page  numbers  can  not  be  sup- 
plied when  the  table  of  contents  is  written  they  may  be  inserted  later. 

In  the  list  of  illustrations,  which  should  be  headed  "Illustrations," 
use  short  titles  only.  Use  capital  and  small  letters,  leaders,  and 
page  numbers  as  in  contents.  In  this  list  write  "Plate"  and 
"Figure"  in  full,  but  write  these  designations  with  the  first  plate 
and  figure  only.     Observe  and  follow  the  style  of  recent  printed 

57 


58  SUGGESTIONS   TO   AUTHORS. 

Survey  reports.  Make  a  separate  list  for  full  titles,  containing 
explanations  of  details. 

For  all  headings  in  text  use  capitals  and  lower-case  (small)  letters, 
,not  capitals  only,  which  should  be  used  for  but  one  heading — the 
title  of  the  paper,  at  the  top  of  the  first  page  of  the  text.  The 
relative  rank  of  the  headings  should  .be  shown  by  indention  in  the 
table  of  contents.  (See  p.  8.)  It  is  not  necessary  in  either  con- 
tents or  text  to  underscore  or  number  the  center  headings  to  indicate 
their  rank.  Side  headings  should  be  underscored  for  itahc,  with 
period  and  dash  after  each  heading.     (See  side  headings,  pp.  29-41.) 

Write  quoted  matter  or  extracts  of  more  than  three  lines  single 
spaced — that  is,  with  but  half  the  usual  space  between  the  lines. 
Write  all  other  matter  double  or  triple  spaced. 

For  reference  marks  in  text  use  superior  figures  (*,  ^,  ^);  'm  tables 
use  superior  lower-case  letters,  underscored  for  italic,  as  -,  -,  -,  not 
asterisk  (*),  dagger  (f),  etc. 

Write  each  footnote  in  the  line  immediately  below  the  line  of  text 
in  which  the  reference  mark  occurs,  separating  it  from  the  text 
above  and  below  by  lines  running  across  the  page;  but  do  not  break 
the  text  at  the  reference  mark  if  it  comes  in  the  middle  of  a  line. 

Observe  carefully  that  footnotes  are  in  the  forms  prescribed  on 
pages  16-18. 

Follow  Webster's  New  International  Dictionary  in  the  use  of 
hyphens,  but  observe  especially  the  rules  for  the  use  of  hyphens  in 
petrographic  terms  and  the  accompanying  list  of  names  on  pages 
12-14.    Note  also  rules  given  on  pages  21-22  for  the  use  of  hyphens. 

Use  a  comma  after  the  word  preceding  "and,"  ''or,"  or  other  con- 
nective in  a  series  of  three  or  more  words  or  phrases  like  ''clay,  sand, 
and  gravel";  "the  upper  coal  is  21  inches  thick,  the  parting  12 
inches,  and  the  lower  coal  18  inches."  Use  a  semicolon  before  "  and" 
if  the  other  members  of  the  series  are  separated  by  semicolons. 

Omit  the  period  after  viz,  per  cent;  also  after  numbers  (1,  2,  3) 
that  stand  over  columns  in  a  table. 

If  a  parenthetic  reference  to  pages  or  illustrations  is  made  at  the 
end  of  a  sentence,  it  should  be  inclosed  within  the  sentence  unless 
"See"  is  used:  "Shown  on  the  map  (PI.  VI)";  "the  accompanying 
diagram  (fig.  6);"  '^referred  to  in  another  place  (p.  72)."  "The 
limestone  is  dolomized  here  as  at  some  other  places.  (See  p.  82.)" 
Note,  however,  "The  reports  of  the  Challenger  expedition  (see  p.  118) 
contain  valuable  information  on  this  point."  Use  "p."  "PL," 
and  "fig."  for  page,  Plate,  and  figure  in  parentheses,  as  shown  above, 
but  write  in  full  in  text:  "This  is  described  on  page  93."  Note 
also:  "Shown  in  [not  on]  Plate  XVI."  Use  "on"  only  with  refer- 
ence to  a  map. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS.  59 

Observe  that  ever^^  table  and  section  is  provided  with  a  heading, 
which  should  be  underscored  for  italic,  and  observe  also  that  units 
of  measurement  (as  feet,  inches,  pounds,  tons)  are  written  at  heads 
of  columns  of  figures  representing  such  units.  If  dimensions  are 
given  in  feet  and  inches  use  the  form  ''Ft.  in."  for  the  units. 

Use  etc.,  not  See.  nor  et  cetera. 

Observe  the  general  rules  given  on  pages  20-21  for  use  of  figures 
and  of  words  to  express  numbers. 

Write  ''half  a  mile,"  "a  quarter  of  a  mile,"  not  "a  half  mile,"  nor 
"i  mile."  Spell  out  fractions  that  stand  alone,  as  "one-half," 
"three-fourths";  but  write  "3i,"  "1}/'  where  the  fraction  does 
not  stand  alone  but  is  joined  to  a  whole  number. 

Operators  using  keyboards  bearing  no  figure  1  should  use  lower- 
case 1  for  this  numeral.  If  capital  I  is  used  confusion  results,  vol. 
II  appearing  instead  of  vol.  11,  for  example. 

Write  16  by  (not  x)  24  inches. 

Use  arable  numerals  except  for  plate  numbers. 

Observe  the  directions  given  on  pages  19-20  in  regard  to  capital- 
ization and  note  the  list  of  abbreviations  of  names  of  States  given 
on  page  20. 

Use  a.  m.,  p.  m.  (not  A.  M.,  P.  M.)  with  figures  denoting  clock  time. 

Use  B.  t.  u.  for  British  thermal  units,  c.  c.  for  cubic  centimeter, 
sp.  gr.  for  specific  gravity,  F.  for  Fahrenheit,  and  C.  for  Centigrade 
where  it  is  necessary  to  abbreviate  these  terms. 

Write  June  20  (not  June  20th),  but  the  20th  of  June. 

Write  2d  and  3d,  not  2nd  an(f  3rd,  for  the  abbreviations  of  second 
and  third. 

In  copying  manuscript  "spell  out"  (that  is,  write  in  full  or  in 
words)  any  abbreviation  or  number  that  is  encircled  with  pen  or 
pencil  mark,  and  write  a  "lower  case"  (small)  letter  instead  of  a 
capital  letter  through  which  a  vertical  or  diagonal  mark  has  been 
drawn. 

Note  carefully  the  following  "Don'ts": 

Don't  capitalize  any  words  except  proper  nouns  or  proper  adjec- 
tives in  text,  table  of  contents,  list  of  illustrations,  italic  side  headings, 
or  legends  or  titles  for  illustrations. 

Don't  use  comma  or  period  at  end  of  line  of  matter  that  is  followed 
or  should  be  followed  by  leaders.  (See  sample  table  of  contents, 
containing  leaders,  on  p.  8.) 

Don't  begin  a  sentence  with  a  figure. 

Don't  write  one  figure  upon  another  so  as  to  cover  it  and  to  pro- 
duce an  uncertain  result,  as  a  3  upon  an  8  or  a  5  upon  a  6.  Erase 
fully  the  figure  first  written  before  correcting. 

Don't  use  "  for  "Do."  or  "do.,"  meaning  ditto.  In  tables  use 
"Do."  (capitaUzed)  in  first  and  last  columns;  "do."  elsewhere. 


60  SUGGESTIONS   TO  AUTHORS. 

Don't  use  %  for  per  cent,  nor  #  for  No. 

Don't  underscore  foreign  words  for  italic. 

Don't  underscore  names  of  fossils  when  they  are  arranged  in  lists 
or  in  tables.  In  text  underscore  the  name  of  genus  and  species  (or 
genus,  species,  and  variety),  if  given  together,  as  Spirifer  crispus, 
Spirifer  crispus  simplex,  but  not  the  generic,  family,  or  other  name  if 
it  stands  alone,  as  Mollusca,  Brachioi)oda,  Olenellus,  Spirifer. 

Don't  underscore  center  headings,  and  don't  fail  to  underscore 
side  headings. 

Don't  j)ut  footnotes  at  the  bottom  of  the  page.     (See  p.  16.) 

Don't  j)aste  sheets  together  except  to  make  a  table  that  must  be 
wider  than  letter  paper. 

Don't  write  anything  single  spaced  except  literal  extracts  or 
quotations. 

Don't  rewrite  matter  for  the  purpose  of  filling  a  sheet  with  type- 
writing. The  printer  will  not  leave  blank  sjmces  where  they  may 
happen  to  occur  in  ''copy."  The  rules  that  apply  to  letters  in  this 
respect  need  not  be  applied  to  manuscript  intended  for  printing. 
The  presence  of  erasures  or  of  plainly  written  interlined  words  or 
phrases  may  be  tolerated,  and  pages  containing  these  need  not  be 
rewritten.  A  complicated  table  that  has  been  prepared  in  ink  need 
not  be  typewTitten  if  the  writing  is  plain  in  every  part,  but  fine, 
crowded  writing  or  pale  blue  prints  can  not  be  accepted.  The  prime 
requisite  is  that  the  matter  should  be  clearly  legible. 

Don't  crowd  anything  to  economize  paper.  It  is  impossible  to 
make  ''copy"  too  plain,  and  room  must  be  left  for  editorial  marking. 
This  direction  applies  to  tables  and  footnotes  as  well  as  to  text. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Abbreviations,  forms  of 17, 18, 20, 58, 59 

"Above  tide"  (for  "above  sea  level"),  pro- 
scription of 21 

Abstract  or  summary  of  report,  character  and 

place  of 7,34 

Active  to  passive  form,  undesirable  transition 

from 51,55 

"Adit,"  definition  of 41 

"Adit  level,"  definition  of 41 

Adjectives,  formation  of  certain  nouns  from, 

caution  concerning 51 

"Admit,"  "of"  may  foUow 47 

Adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases,  misplacement 

of 50 

Adverbs  of  time,  misuse  of  adverbs  of  place 

for 44-15 

"After,"  misuse  of  "following"  for 46,55 

"Ago,"  "since,"  discrimination  between 47 

"Alteration,"  definition  of 40 

"Among,"  "between,"  discrimination  in  use 

of 47 

"And"  and  "<t,"  rules  for  use  of 21 

"And  which,"  caution  concerning  use  of 50 

"Ante  meridian,"  "  post  meridian,"  abbrevia- 
tions for 59 

Apostrophe  and  "s,"  use  of,  to  denote  posses- 
sive case  of  nouns  ending  in  "  s  "  . .       21 

"Apparently,"  caution  concerning  use  of 47 

Arabic  numerals,  preference  for 59 

"As,"  redundant  use  of 48 

"A.  T."  for  "above  tide,"  proscription  of —       21 

Author's  name,  places  for 7 

"  Banded  structure,"  definition  of 38 

"Balance,"  "remainder,"  discrimination  be- 
tween         47 

"  Basis  of,"  overuse  of 53-54 

"Bed  deposit,"  "bedded  deposit,"  definition 

of 37 

"  Beside,"  "  besides,"  discrimination  between       47 
** Between,"  "among,"  discrimination  in  use 

of 47 

Bibliography,  form  and  scope  of 7,34 

"  Blanket  vein,"  definition  of 37 

"Breccia  structure,"  definition  of 38 

"  Brecciated  vein,"  proscription  of 38 

"British  thermal  units,"  abbreviation  for....       59 

"By"notto  be  represented  by  "x" 59 

"  By,"  "  with,"  discrimination  between 48 

Capitalization,  rules  concerning 19, 20, 59 

"  Cases,"  overuse  and  misuse  of 45, 52-53 

"Character,"  superfluous  use  of 54 

Chemical  elements,  names,  and  symbols,  form 

of 10,15 

"Chimney,"  definition  of 38 

"Chute,"  definition  of 41 

Citations,  suggestions  concerning 16 


Page. 
Qock  time,  abbreviations  (a.  m.,  p.  m.)  used 

with 59 

Commas,  directions  for  use  of 58 

Compass  direction,  forms  of  terms  o 46 

Compoimd  words,  hyphens  in,  rules  for  use 

of 12,21-22 

"Conditions, "  superfluous  use  of 54 

"Contact  deposits, "  definition  of 39 

Contents,  table  of,  form  of 8, 57 

Copy  for  printing,  best  form  of 6 

Copyrighted  photographs,  rules  for  use  of —  27 

"Crosscut, "  definition  of 41 

Cross  references,  suggestions  concerning 10 

"  Country  rock, "  definition  of 36 

Cuts  for  illustrations,  reuse  of 29 

"  Data, "  overuse  and  misuse  of 43 

Dates,  form  of 59 

Decimals,  expression  of. •- 20 

"  Decomposition, "  definition  of. 40 

Degree  mark  ('),  rule  for  use  of 20 

Dictation  from  field  notes,  imdesirability  of. .  6 
Dictionary   followed   in   spelling   and  com- 
pounding words 21 

" Differ,"  "  vary, "  discrimination  between. . .  47 
Dimensions,  distances,  weights,  figures  used 

for  expressing 20 

Dip  and  strike,  mode  of  indicating 20 

"  Dip  "  of  ore  bodies,  definition  of 41 

•'  Disseminated  deposit, "  definition  of 40 

Distances,  figures  used  for  expressing 20 

"Do.,"  "do."  for  "ditto,"  directions  concern- 
ing use  of 59 

"Drainage  basin,"  "watershed,"  distinction 

between 47 

Drawings  for  illustrations,  character  and  size 

of 27 

requirements  concerning 26-29 

"  Drift, "  definition  of. 41 

Drill-hole  records,  form  of 10 

"  Due, "  "owing, "  discrimination  between. . .  47 
"Each  other,"  "one  another,"  discrimination 

between 47 

"East,"  "eastern,"  and  like  terms,  discrimi- 
nation between 46-47 

"Economic,"  "economical,"  discrimination 

between 47 

Editorial  work,  nature  and  scope  of 5-6 

Electrotypes,  rules  for  obtaining 29 

Emmons,  S.  F.,  matter  prepared  by 33 

Engravings,  correction  of,  limits  of 29 

reuseof. 29 

"Enrichment,"  definition  of 40 

Errors  in  proof  sheets,  correction  of,  rules  for . .  22-25 

"Etc.,"  improper  use  of 48 

English  substitutes  suggested  for 56 

"&c."  not  used  for 59 

61 


62 


INDEX. 


Page. 

"Evidenced,"  proscription  of 47 

"Excepting, "  use  of,  for  "except" 51 

"Feet"  and  "inches,"  abbreviations  for..  10,21,59 
Field  notes,   caution  concerning   dictation 

V       from., 6 

Figures  (illustrations),  distinction  between 

plates  and 26 

form  of  numbers  of 26 

legends  or  titles  for,  rules  concerning 26 

See  also  Illustrations, 

Figures  (numerals),  directions  for  use  of 2i)-21 

nonuse  of,  at  beginning  of  sentence 59 

use  of,  over  columns  in  tables 10 

Fii^t  or  third  person,  suggestions  concern- 
ing use  of 9 

"  Fissure  vein,"  proscription  of 37 

Folios,  geologic,  suggestions  concerning  form 

and  features  of 2*-33 

"  Following,"  undesirable  use  of,  for  "  after  " .  46. 55 

Footnotes,  form  of 16-18 

place  of,  in  manuscript 16.68. 60 

Foreign  words   and   phrases,  roman  t5T)e 

used  for 21.60 

unnecessary  use  of 56 

"Former"  and  "latter,"  overuse  and  mis- 
use of 45-46 

Fossils,  drawings  for,  rules  concerning  prep- 
aration of 28 

names  of,  printed  forms  of 19.21.60 

"  Found  to  be, "  superfluous  use  of 48 

Fractions,  forms  of 20,59 

"  From  the  standpoint  of,"  overuse  and  mis- 
use of 44,53-54 

"  Oangue,"  definition  of 36 

"  Gash  vein,"  definition  of 37 

Geographic  names,  authorities  for  form  of. .        12 

capitalization  in 19-20 

Geologic  folios,  suggestions  concerning  form 

and  features  of 29-33 

Geologic  names,  rules  concerning 10-12, 26 

"Gouge,"  definition  of 30 

Hanging  participles,  examples  of 50 

Headings,  suggestions  concerning 8-9, 10. 59 

tyI)e^v^itten  form  of 58 

"Horizon,"     misase     of,     for     "bed"     or 

"stratum" 44 

Hyphens,  rules  for  use  of 12, 21-22 

"Ibid.,"  nonase  of 18 

"ic"  and  "ical"  (terminations),  suggestions 

concerning  use  of 47 

"Idem,"  use  of 18 

Illustrations,    detailed    requirements    con- 
cerning   26-29 

drawings   and   other   material   for,   ap- 
proval of,  by  author,  mode  of.       28 
approval  of,  by  committee  on  illus- 
trations         26 

corrections  in 28 

classification  of,  as  plates  and  figures.       26 

geologic  names  on 26 

ink  preferred  for 27 

marlcs  needed  on 27 

numbering  of 26,27 

paper  preferred  for 27 

transmittal  of 26 

sires  of 27 


Page. 
Illustrationa— Continued . 

engravings  for,  corrections  in 28-29 

reuse  of. 29 

list  of. 8,26-27,57-^ 

maps  for,  rules  concerning 28 

number  of,  rule  requiring  statement  of.. .       27 

photographs  for,  rules  concerning 27, 28 

proofs  of,  corrections  in 28-29 

references  to 26 

transmittal  of 7, 26 

" Important,"  overuse  and  misuse  of. 44 

"  Impregnation,"  definition  of 39^0 

"Inaugurate,"  misuse  of 43 

"  Inauguration,"  misuse  of 43 

"In,"  "into,"  discrimination  between 47 

" Inch,"  "  inches,"  abbreviations  for 10, 21,69 

"Incline,"  definition  of 41 

"Initiate,"  misuse  of 43 

Inlc  for  drawings,  color  and  quality  of 27 

"In  question,"  misuse  of 44 

"Into,"  "In,"  discrimination  between. .....       47 

"  Instances, "  overuse  and  misuse  of. 45, 62-53 

"  In  the  vicinity  of,"  misuse  of 46 

Introduction  to  report,  character  of , 8, 34 

"  Is  responsible  for,"  misuse  of. 44 

"It,"  misuse  of 52 

Italic,  use  of,  rules  for 21,60 

" It  is,"  "there  are,"  misuse  of 55-56 

Journals,  abbreviations  for  names  of 17-18 

"  Known  to  be,"  superfluous  use  of 48 

Lands  (public),  divisions  of,  forms  used  for 

designating 20 

Lane,  Bernard  II.,  acknowledgments  to 2 

"Latter"  and  "former,"  overuse  and  misuse 

of 45-46 

"Lead,"  definition  of 37 

Legends  or  titles  of  plates  and  figures,  rules 

concerning 26-27 

"Level"  in  mine,  definition  of. 41 

"Limited,"  misuse  of 43 

Lindgren,  Waldemar,  and  Ransome,  F.  L., 
cited  on  terms  applicable  to  ore 

shoots 39 

"  Linked  veins,"  definition  of 38 

"Loc.  cit.,"useof 18 

"  Lode,"  definition  of. 36-37 

" Majority,"  misuse  of,  for  "most " 49 

Manuscripts,  course  of &-6 

form  of 6-7 

pages  of,  numbering  of. 7, 57 

Maps,  rules  concerning 28 

Measurement,  imits  of,  rule  regarding 21 

*'  Metasomatism,"  definition  of 40 

"Mine,"  "prospect,"  definitions  of 41 

Minerals  and  rocks,  names  of,  hyphens  in 12-14 

Mines,  descriptions  of,  suggestions  concerning       35 
Mining  districts,  reports  on,  suggestions  con- 
cerning   33-41 

Mining  terms,  definitions  of 40-41 

"Myself,"  misuseof,  for  "I"  and  "me" 51 

Name  of  author  of  report,  places  for 7 

Names,  geographic,  authorities  for  forms  of. .       12 

geographic,  capitalization  in 19-20 

geologic,  rules  concerning 10-12, 26 

personal,  initials  requ  jed  In 16 

"  No."  (lor  " number "),  #  not  used  for 20 


INDEX. 


63 


Page. 
"North,"  "northern,"  and  like  terms,  dis- 
crimination Ixitween 4&-47 

Nouns  formed  from  adjectives,  caution  con- 
cerning         51 

Numbering  of  manuscript  pages,  suggestions 

concerning 7, 57 

Numbers,  encircling  of,  meaning  of 59 

expression  of,  by  words  and  figures,  rules 

for 20-21 

preference  of  Arabic  numerals  for 59 

"  Occur,"  overuse  and  misuse  of 43 

"Often,"  misuse  of 44,45 

"One  another,"  "each  other,"  discrimina- 
tion Ijetween 47 

"  Only,"  misplacement  of 60 

"  On  the  basis  of,"  overuse  of 53-54 

"Op.  cit.,"  use  of 18 

Ore,  definition  of 36 

Ore  bodies,  dip  of,  definition  of 41 

Ore  deposits,  descriptions  of,  form  and  order 

of 35 

forms  of,  terms  describing 36-40 

materials  of,  terms  describing 36 

Ore  deposition,  processes  of,  terms  denoting. .       40 

"  Ore  chute,"  definition  of 41 

"  Ore  shoot,"  definition  of 38-39 

dimensions  of,  mode  of  measuring 39 

Outline  or  summarj'  of  report,  character  and 

place  of 7,34 

"  Over,"  undesirable  use  of 48 

"Owing,"  "due,"  discrimination  between...       47 

Pages  of  manuscript,  numl>ering  of 7, 57 

Paleontologic  names,  capital  letters  in 19 

Paper  for  drawings,  quality  and  tint  of 27 

Paper  for  manuscripts,  sire  and  character  of. .    6, 57 

Paragraphing,  importance  of  considering 9 

Paragraphs,  directions  to  typewriters  con- 
cerning         57 

Participles,  hanging,  examples  of 50 

"  Partly  "  and  "partially,"  discrimination  be- 
tween         51 

Parenthetical  phrases,  desirable  brevity  of. . .        51 
Passive  voice,  undesirable  use  of,  for  active 

vo  ice 5 1 ,  65 

"  Pay  shoot,"  definition  of 38-39 

"Percent,"  omission  of 10 

period  omitted  after 58 

rule  for  use  of 20 

"%"  not  to  be  used  for 60 

Periodicals,  abbreviations  for  names  of. 17-18 

"Permit,"  "of"  may  not  follow 47 

Personal  names,  initials  required  in 16 

Personal  titles,  rules  for  use  of 14 

Petrographic  terms,  hj-phens  in,  rules  for 12 

hyphens  in,  list  showing  use  of 12-14 

Photographs,  grouping  of,  in  plates,  rules  for. .        28 

memoranda  to  be  made  on 27 

requirements  concerning  copyright  of 27 

"  Pitch"  (of  ore  bodies),  definition  of 41 

"  Pitch  length,"  definition  of 39 

Plates  and  figures,  distinction  between 26 

number  of,  mention  of,  in  letter  of  trans- 
mittal          27 

numbers  of 26 

subdivisions  of,  lettering  on 26 

titles  and  legends  of 26-27 

See  alto  Illustrations. 


•     •  .  •  •     •  •  Page. 

Plural  noims  formed  from  certain  adjectives, 

proscription  of 51 

Possessive  case  of  nouns  ending  in  "s,"  rule  for.  21 

"Post  meridian,"  abbreviation  (p.  m. )  used  for  59 

Preface,  authorship  and  scope  of 7, 34 

Prepositions,  undesirable  multiplication  of..  51,55 

Printer's  copy,  best  form  ol 6-7 

Proof  reader's  marks,  directions  for  use  of 2:3-25 

list  of 24 

Proof  sheets,   correction   of,   methods   and 

limits  of 22-25 

"  Proposition,"  misuse  of 45 

"  Prospect,"  "  mine,"  definitions  of 41 

"  Pseudomorphism,"  definition  of 40 

Publications,  abbreviations  of  names  of 17-18 

Survey's  classes  of 5 

Public-land  divisions,  forms  for  designating  .  20 

Pimctuation,  directions  concerning 58 

"  PxuTJoses,"  superfluous  use  of 54 

Quotations,  requirements  concerning 15 

typewritten  form  of 58 

"Quite,"  misuse  of 43 

Railroads,  names  of,  rules  concerning 20 

"  Raise,"  definition  of 41 

Ransome,  F.  L.,  matter  revised  by 33 

Reference  marks  to  footnotes,  forms  of 16, 58 

References,  accuracy  of,  responsibility  for 15 

References  in  parentheses,  directions  concern- 
ing   58 

Reflexive  prcnouns,  misuse  of 51 

"Remainder,"     "balance,"     discrimination 

between 47 

"  Replacement,"  definition  of 40 

"  Responsible  for,"  misuse  of 44 

"  Restricted,"  misuse  of 43 

Rivers,  names  of,  "  the  "  omitted  in 21 

Rock  names,  hyphens  in,  rules  for  and  list 

showing  use  cf 12-14 

Roman  and  italic  type,  rules  for  use  of 21 

"  Same,"  "  similar,"  discrimination  between .  47 

"Sea  level,"  use  of 21 

"  Secondary  enrlchn.ent,"  proscrip  ion  of. . .  40 

"  Secure,"  misase  of 43 

"Seen  to  be,"  superfluous  use  and  improper 

omission  of 48 

"  Segregated  vein,"  definition  of 39 

Semicolons  in  series  cf  phrases,  use  cf 58 

"Shaft,"  definition  of 41 

"Shear  zone,"  definition  of 37 

"Sheeting"  or  "sheeted  zone,"  definition  of. .  37 

"Short  and"  («t)»  niles  for  use  of 21 

"Similar,"  "the  same,"  discrimination  be- 
tween   47 

"  Since,"  misuse  of 47 

"South,"  "southeast,"  "southeastern,"  and 

Uke  terms,  discrimination  between.  46-47 
"Something,"  "somewhat,"  discrimination 

between 47 

"Slope,"  definition  of 41 

"  Sometimes,"  misuse  of 44, 45 

"  Specific  gravity,"  abbreviation  for 59 

Spelling  and  compounding  words,  authority 

adopted  fcr 21 

Split  infinitives,  examples  of 50 

"  Standpoint,"  overuse  and  misuse  of 44,53-54 

State  names,  abbreviations  of 20 

"Stationfl"  in  mines,  definition  of 41 


64 


INDEX. 


Page. 

"Stock,"  definition  of 38 

"  Stockwork,"  definition  of 38 

"  Stope,"  definition  of 41 

"  Stope  length,"  definition  of 39 

"  Stringer  lode,"  definition  of 38 

Strike  and  dip,  mode  of  indicating 20 

Style  of  writing,  general  suggestions  concern- 
ing   7-R, 42-43, 66 

Subject  nominative,  xmdesirablo  change  of.  .51,55 

"Substitution,"  definition  of 40 

"Such,"  misuse  of,  for  "so" 51 

misuse  of,  for  "so  much" 49 

Summary  of  results  of  work  reported,  require- 
ments concerning 7 

Superfluous  words,  examples  of 48, 53-65 

Tables,  copy  for,  form  of fr-7, 10 

headings  In,  form  of 10, 59 

imits  of  measurement  in 21, 59 

"That"  and  "which,"  discrimination  In  use 

of 52 

"The,"  omission  of,  Ixifore  name  of  river .. .       21 

"There  are,"  "there  is,"  misuse  of 55-56 

Third  person  or  first,  choice  of 9 

Title  of  report,  places  for 57 

suggested  brevity  of 7 

Title-page,  form  of. 57 

Titles  of  honor,  use  of 14 

Titles  of  plates  and  figures,  rules  concerning. .  26-27 

"  Total, "  omission  of 10 

Transmittal    of    reports    for    publication, 

method  of 5 

True  vein,  definition  of 37-38 

"  Timnel, "  definition  of 41 

Tjrpewriter  operators,  directions  to 57-60 

Tj-pewriting,  spacing  of 60 

Typographic  errors,  correction  of,  rules  for. . .  22-25 


Page. 

TjTKJgraphic  style,  requirements  concerning.  19-22 

Units  of  measurement,  nile  regarding 21 

"  Upraise, "  definition  of 41 

"Upwards  of,"  undesirable  use  of ,  for  "more 

than" 49 

"Various,"  misuse  of,  for  "numerous"  or 

^  "many" 47 

"Vary,"  "differ,"  discrimination  between..       47 

"Vein, "  definition  of 36-37, 38 

"Vein   material,"   definition   of  structural 

terms  applied  to 36 

structure  of,  terms  describing 38 

"  Vein  system, "  definition  of 36 

"Viz,"  period  omitted  after 58 

"Watershed,"  "drainage  basin,"  distinction 

between 47 

' '  We, "  caution  concerning  use  of 9 

''Weathering,"  definition  of 40 

Webster's  New  International  Dictionary,  use 

of 21,58 

Well  records,  form  of 10 

"West,"  "western,"  and  like  terms,  discrimi- 
nation between 40-47 

"Which,"  "and,"  or  " but "  preceding,  cau- 
tion concerning 50 

"Which"  and  "that,"  discrimination  in  use 

of 52 

"While,"  overuse  of. 46 

"Whose, "  use  of,  for  things  as  well  as  persons.       52 

I' Winze,"  definition  of 41 

''With,"  misuse  of 48 

"With, "  "by, "  discrimination  between 48 

Words  and  phrases  misused  or  overused  43-48, 53-56 

Writing,  method  and  style  of 6, 7-8, 42^3, 56 

"  &, "  rules  for  use  of 21 

"  &c.,"  proscription  of 59 


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